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Book Reviews 143 all had a long tradition of welcoming immigrants, so long as they were white and of European origin. And with the exception of Newfoundland all had relatively tolerant migration policies. Yet when it came to Jews, undoubtedly the most desperate immigrants of the twentieth century, all outdid one another in devising excuses why Jews were unacceptable. Each produced public opinion polls, or argued the need for national unity, or pleaded poverty or lack of employment possibilities, or the need to follow the example of the Mother Country to rationalize the clanging shut of their immigration gates. But what united them was a consuming antisemitism that permeated

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