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July 2011 229 mine. In the Black Belt, Gaillard has identified not only those sites designated as historic landmarks, but unmarked and largely unknown sites as well. In Selma the author directs readers to Good Samaritan Hospital, where Jimmie Lee Jackson died after being shot by a state trooper. In Greensboro Gaillard provides a fascinating account of the Safe House Black History Museum, so called because its owner, Theresa Burroughs, offered her property to Martin Luther King when it was rumored that his life was in danger. King survived the night in Burroughs’s house, but was killed in Memphis less than a month later. Gaillard also provides a valuable look at Mobile, which is often overlooked in histories of the Civil Rights movement. Every site discussed in the Mobile chapter is also a site on the Mobile African American History Trail. In one of the chapter’s most fascinating vignettes, Gaillard discusses Africa Town, a small community founded near Mobile by the last slaves brought into the United States. There is also a moving account of one of Mobile’s most tragic moments—the 1981 lynching of Michael Donald, a young African American man whose death prompted a lawsuit by the Southern Poverty Law Center that eventually bankrupted the Ku Klux Klan. Alabama’s Civil Rights Trail is a valuable contribution to the literature of the movement. As Gaillard has proven with prior books, he is a journalist who is a better writer of history than many who are trained in the field. The book is an invaluable guide for the growing field of civil rights tourism, providing a rich history of both well-known locations and littleknown sites. The final chapter, “Other Points of Interest,” even includes an engaging discussion of Bayou La Batre and the work of Surgeon General Regina Benjamin following Hurricane Katrina. Its user-friendly organization and solid research make it equally valuable to both the scholar and the casual reader. Rebecca Woodham Wallace Community College The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of American Indian Nations. By Tim Alan Garrison. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009. xiii, 331 pp. $24.95. ISBN 978-0-8203-3417-2. Histories of “Indian removal” from the antebellum South normally focus on two famous Cherokee cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1823) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832). Tim the alabama review 230 Garrison’s book shows how lesser-known cases in southern state courts proved even more influential in determining the status of Indian tribes and their relations with the federal and state governments, smoothing the way for a republic founded on natural-rights doctrine to persecute and steal property lawfully from a class of people defined as racially separate and inferior. While John Marshall’s court proceeded ponderously toward full acknowledgment of Indian sovereignty and rights, southern judges moved in reverse, providing “moral and legal cover” for the theft of Indian territory (p. 11). After the Worcester decision failed to alter the course of President Andrew Jackson’s removal policy, the southern courts’ alternative legal doctrine helped justify the president’s inertia. Southerners spurned the egalitarian (albeit culturally obtuse) “civilization” policy of the Washington presidency, replacing it with an opportunistic, internally chaotic ideology of removal. The national debate over Indian rights took on decidedly sectional characteristics as southern expansionists perfected racial arguments that would later be recycled for the defense of slavery . Georgia in particular risked provoking a constitutional crisis over Indian affairs. With rare exceptions, even southern judges who at first argued forcefully for Indian sovereignty, such as Justices William Johnson of South Carolina and John Catron of Tennessee, converted to white supremacist views by the 1830s. Garrison sifted a vast legal literature to reconstruct a dialogue between the opinions of federal and state judges on Indian sovereignty. He discusses earlier Supreme Court cases and devotes a chapter each to Georgia v. Tassels (1830), Caldwell v. Alabama (1831), and Tennessee v. Forman (1835). In these latter opinions, southern judges claimed absolute dominion over Indians by “right of conquest,” denied the legal force of Indian treaties, construed the Commerce Clause as restricting congressional authority over Indian affairs to...

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