New Maps of Temperature Anomaly

The stock raising industry of the Northwest has suffered severely from depleted pastures. Once luxuriant bunch grass ranges now present a dismal picture of sage and land. Range lands once noted for their carrying capacity no longer furnish abundant feed. Not only has the grass supply become depleted to a critical point, but the water supply has also been decreased because of rapid run-off. A program of restoration of these depleted lands together with proper use of yet productive ranges must be initiated to prevent further changes in the types of adjustment on range land areas. The forest land picture must be looked at both from the standpoint of the improper cutting of the timber supply as well as from the standpoint of overgrazing of forest ranges. Improper utilization of vast forest resources have already resulted in land abandonment, barren slopes and ghost towns. Cultivated lands of the coastal valleys must be so managed that soil structure and fertility are maintained in order to increase their productivity or to maintain their present geographic pattern. Highly productive lands of England and Germany have been cultivated for centuries while we in the Northwest have damaged thousands of acres of valuable land in 65 years. Our ruthless destruction of cultivated grazing or forested areas has had a profound effect upon changes in geographic adjustments of the future will be determined by present and future conservation of our soil and water (•esources. New Maps of Temperature Anomaly WINNIKRKI) VAItNEY University of California, Berkeley, California A logical basis for maps of temperature anomaly has been given by the equation R. Spitaler derived for determining what the temperature of any given latitude would be if there were no circulation in the atmosphere. This equation, published in Der Beitrage zur Geophysik , 35:87-101, 1932, takes into account the radiation from the earth ndependent of insolation, the amount of insolation received, and the reaction of land and water surfaces to insolation, which,, of course, must consider the amount of land or water surface on the parallel . The mean temperatures derived by this formula have been found to agree remarkably well with the observed means, and they permit the separation of means for land or water. The maps presented were based on Spitaler's means for the extreme months. January and July were used for the land, and February and August were used for the oceans. The data were obtained from Schott for the oceans, from the Koppen-Geiger Handbuck for North America, Australia, and the Arctic regions, and from Gorcynski for Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. The maps show clearly the different parts the continents and the oceans play in the heat economy of the world. They show the role of the tropics as sources of heat, and the similar part the continents play in summer. (27) ...