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176Reviews On the whole, this is a highly welcome addition to the collection of introductions the student now has at hand and one that will be read with profit by lexicographers. Its particular strength is in strongly emphasizing the need to understand thoroughly the linguistic component of lexicography, and in not only introducing students and readers to the world of linguistic theories, but also in showing them how to utilize them as well as how to transform the insights and data acquired by their application into a format immediately useful to lexicography, both in theory and in practice. References Bloch, Bernard, and G. L. Trager. 1942. Outline of Linguktic Analysk. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. Pike, Kenneth L. 1947. Phonemics: A Techniquefor Reducing Languages to Writing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Ponelis, F. A. 1979. Afrikaanse Sintahk. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Handbok i lexikografi: Principer och metoder i ordboksarbetet [Handbook of Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary Making ]. 1987. Bo Svensén. Stockholm: Esselte Studium och Tekniska nomenklaturcentralen. viii + 280 pp. The contents of this book closely correspond to what its title promises —and this is as it should be, since its author is well known for spotting discrepancies between the title and the contents when writing reviews of other people's books. Thus, this is a "handbook" indeed, a practical survey of methods and practices (perhaps slightly less of principles) of lexicographic presentation. The area covered is, broadly speaking, as follows: the relations between lexicography and lexicology; the dictionary and the lexicon; the dictionary and the encyclopedia; the sources of material; lexicographic categories . It contains an important chapter on the types of dictionaries, which strongly stresses the different interests and needs of various types of users. The research ofBéjoint and ofHartmann (concerning statistics on what types of information different types of users most frequently check in dictionaries) is adroitly used for this purpose. The next chapter discusses the sources for a dictionary, with a good discussion of both the primary and secondary ones. The principles ofselection are divided into broad categories, according to the normative, social, stylistic, diachronic, and geographical aspects, and by as- Reviews177 pects brought in by different registers. Next follow short chapters on the form ofthe headword, on the indication ofpronunciation, on the treatment of derivational forms (e.g., the feminine ofadjectives, etc.) on word classes (parts of speech), on valence and government (or constructions) and their presentation in monolingual and bilingual (active and passive, as they are called) dictionaries , (with a notable discussion and exemplification of the different types of meaning discrimination resulting from the differences in construction in the microstructure that are necessary in different types of dictionaries ), and on collocations (free and bound) and idioms, and the methods of their presentation in various types of dictionaries. There follows a commendable chapter on the explanation of meaning in monolingual dictionaries (106—33). The approach to this is highly practical ,just as all the explanations in the book are. The discussion starts with the formal, tangible criteria for the distribution of polysemy, such as senses restricted to limited morphological forms or syntagmatic constructions (e.g., Sw.falla: with a human or animal object = 'kill'; with an accused person as object = 'find guilty') or connected with certain paradigmatic or pragmatic relations only. The discussion then continues with paraphrasis (mosdy descriptive or synonymic) and lexicographic definition ofdifferent types. Of interest is the discussion of the role of presuppositions in the explanation of meaning. This chapter has its parallel in the discussion that follows (134—56) in which equivalents in bilingual dictionaries are analyzed. The table of the different types ofabsolute and partial equivalence (144) is valuable. Each type of equivalent (including that of idioms) in active and passive dictionaries is carefully distinguished. The ensuing chapters deal with encyclopedic information, pictorial illustrations (with a rich ensemble of examples), labels and other presentational symbols, etymological information (different degrees of density, or of detail, are distinguished) and related topics. Two brief chapters then take up microstructure and macrostructure, both with a replete exemplification of various possibilities of the dictionary's organization. The book ends with a comparative discussion of various ways ofadvising the readers ofdictionaries on their effective use...

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