Leksikografie (review)

174Reviews Leksikografie. 1989. R[ufus] H. Gouws. Pretoria, Kaapstad: Académica . 287 pp. This is a comprehensive introduction to lexicography that can be used as a textbook for classes, but which can also serve as a lexicographer's (particularly a beginner's) manual for planning a project and monitoring its progress during its gestation. The pedagogical character ofthe book is clearly shown by the fact that the author constantly attempts to anchor in linguistic theory his advice on the methodological and practical decisions to be made by the lexicographer. This strong combination of lexicographic practice and its linguistic background gives the book additional importance for the development of lexicographical theory. The book has six chapters. The first deals with the emergence of lexicography as a special area ofactivity. Here, one finds a short history of modern European and American lexicography that pays particular attention to the contribution, constandy increasing over time, of linguistics, diversified as it is by the competing schools of linguistics. The generally used lexicographic terminology is then compared with, and contrasted to, the terminology used in Afrikaans lexicography. The last section offers a short survey of the most important works of Afrikaans lexicography. The second chapter deals with the typology of dictionaries, using as specimens both Afrikaans dictionaries and old works, such as the Greek collections of glosses, Cawdrey's dictionary, etc. Various typologies are discussed comparatively, particularly Malkiel's and Geeraert's. Gouws develops his own classification based on what he calls "categorial typology," as illustrated in the Manual ofLexicography (Zgusta, 1971; Praha: Academia Press). The next three chapters (73—249) contain the bulk of the book. The first of them has the title "Lemmas as Woordeboeksinskrywnigs," that is, approximately , "entrywords as dictionary items." It contains a full discussion of the various morphological types of possible headwords that can represent as lexical units not only words, but also, on the one hand, sublexical items which are lexically productive, such as affixes and stems of verbs, and on the other hand, multiword lexical units ofvarious types. Very original and important in this context is §3.6.1 "Leenwoordgroepe." The author correctly argues that there are multiword loan expressions such as bonafide, conditio sine qua non, chargé d'affaires that also must be treated as units. The fourth chapter has the title "Betekenisinligting in Woordeboeke", that is, the explanation of meaning . This is a broadly conceived chapter. It contains subsections on the definition and its types. Ofparticular originality are the paragraphs on polysemy in circular definitions and on the underlying syntactic and semantic relations in the same. The whole discussion in this section is rather detailed. The only area that seems not to be discussed at length is the ostensive definition, particularly the pictorial one. Further sections discuss lexical relations (polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy ) and their treatment. The management of equivalence in the bilin- Reviews175 gual dictionary then follows. (The specifics of the bilingual dictionary—the difference between the "active" and "passive" one, between those that are written for the speakers of the source language and those of the target language —are dealt with in the chapter on types of dictionaries.) Types of equivalence, the absence of equivalence, and other related phenomena are discussed next. Of particular originality is the section onfaux amk, with a discrimination of their several types. The sections following contrast explanations of meaning with encyclopedic descriptions, and descriptions of meaning with descriptions of use. The latter discussion is well embedded in what is called, after Wittgenstein, "skynbetekenis" (Scheinbedeutung, 'apparent meaning'). Lastly, the labels (register , style, dialect, etc.) are discussed. Their application is considered by the author a type ofdeixis, which he calls "lexicographic deixis". This is an adroit move, because it makes the labels a more independent element of the lexicographic description. The fifth chapter discusses grammatical description. Parts-of-speech classifications (contrasted with other possible lexical classes), morphology, collocations, and syntactic patterns are taken up here. This chapter is centered on Afrikaans in general and, in particular, with its description and analysis by F. Ponelis (1979). The last chapter deals with the indication of pronunciation. Like the others, it also is anchored in linguistic approaches, so the differences between a phonemic and a phonetic...