Deutsche Einflüsse auf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart By Anthony W. Stanforth (review)

BOOK NOTICES 903 as an independent variable. This conclusion reappears in Ch. 5, where Singh and Lele cntique Tamara Valentine's studies of cross-sex communication in Hindi and Indian English for viewing power in structural -functional terms, and Ch. 10, where Singh and Martohardjono review Gumperz's Language and social identity (Cambridge: Cambodge University Press, 1982). In Ch. 6, Singh extends Gumperz's claim that minority languages constitute 'we' codes to pnvileged Hindi-English bilinguals for whom using English reflects social expectations and aspirations . Ch. 7 addresses language planning with Dasgupta 's review of Braj Kachru's The Indianization of English (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983). Characteozing Kachru as moderate, Dasgupta critiques his fragmentary description of Indian English, which ignores influences of non-English Indian languages , and questions 'appropriate English' when groups in power impose languages on those who are not. This chapter ends by urging Indians m language and literary studies to concentrate on non-English languages. Three chapters address language development. In Ch. 8, Dasgupta compares languages without 'native speakers', Sanskrit after 600 b.c.e. and Indian English today. He claims that Sanskrit 'rode a majestic wave of codification' , while Indian English is 'barren ' because Indo-Anglians depended mateoally on 'real Indians' but culturally on 'real speakers of English ' (25). Singh's review of Tej Bhatia's A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition (Leiden: Brill, 1987) in Ch. 11 extends this point Bntish interest in vernacular languages was motivated by needing to support producers of surplus. In Ch. 9, Dasgupta illustrates resistance with the story ofLoharam Shiroratna , a nineteenth-century pundit who countered British imperialism by describing Bangla in the image of Sanskrit. Explorations in Indian sociolinguistics demonstrates that through the 1980s the sociolinguistics of India did not keep pace with linguistics and critical sociology. It will prove valuable to sociolinguists and South Asianists, particularly those who train South Asian students. [Maggie Ronkin, Georgetown University .] Deutsche Einflüsse auf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart . By Anthony W. Stanforth. (Germanistische Linguistik, 165.) TuBingen : Niemeyer, 1996. Pp. xiii, 200. It is well-known that over 70% of English words are loans from other languages. One of the main contributors is German. Stanforth studies this loan material , its quantity, its fields of borrowing and its transfer and integration into English. In the first chapter (1 -12), S summarizes the present state ofresearch. There are only four major publications on borrowings from German, among them the important dictionaries by J. Alan Pfeffer (Deutsches Sprachgut im Wortschatz der Amerikaner und Englander , 1987. Tübingen: Niemeyer.) and by J. Alan Pfeffer and G. Cannon (German loanwords in English , (1994. Cambridge: Cambodge University Press ). S focuses his study on German loanwords in Botish English and uses as sources mainly these dictionaries and British newspapers and magazines from the 1970s onwards. The second chapter (13-36) is dedicated to theoretical issues (linguistic interference ; origin, transfer, integration, and classification of loan material; consequences for the booowing language ). Ch. 3 (37-63) gives a chronological summary of German loans into British English. Ch. 4 (64-90) describes the effects caused by differences m the pronunciation and orthography of English and German (e.g. German [x] and [y]). Ch. 5 (91-111) analyzes the morphosyntactic integration of German loanwords, especially case endings and word formation . Ch. 6 (1 12-30) deals with the semantic integration of loanwords. Booowing generally provokes semantic change of a word at different stages. S develops a 'scale of foreignness' (Fremdheitsskala) to categorize different degrees of semantic integration. Ch. 7 (131-54) descnbes how loanwords can be used for special functional and stylistic purposes (e.g. precision , attention, creation of a 'German feeling', humoristic effects). Ch 8 (155-72) toes to evaluate the overall quantitative and qualitative influence of German on English. Although the percentage of German loanwords is relatively small and the overwhelming majority belongs to specialized vocabularies , there is a small number of loanwords that is very much in use. Unfortunately for Germans, among the most frequent ones (still) are Nazi and other words from the darkest period of German and European history (e.g. blitz, bunker, Gestapo, SS) Ch. 9 (173-89, by Jürgen Eichhoff...