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198LANGUAGE, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 1 (1981) from a few studies of Gaelic which also deal with other Celtic languages, the viewpoint represented in these bibliographies is astoundingly parochial. My own paper treating an isolated and moribund dialect of Scottish Gaelic together with a dying dialect of Pennsylvania Dutch appeared too recently for inclusion (Dorian 1978b). There are as yet few other such studies, however, and comparison is usually limited to a brief mention of a possible parallel rather than expanded to a full treatment. This is a weakness in the Scottish research tradition which may rapidly disappear as Scots interested in local languages increasingly communicate with their counterparts elsewhere, e.g. in the First International Conference on Minority Languages, held at Glasgow in September of 1980. REFERENCES Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) 1979. Dialect and standard in highly industrialized societies. (International journal of the sociology of language, 21.) The Hague: Mouton. Census 1961. Scotland: Volume Seven, Gaelic. Edinburgh: H M. Stationery Office, 1966. DeCamp, David. 1971. Introduction: The study of pidgin and creóle languages. Pidginization and creolization of languages, ed. by Dell Hymes, 13-39. Cambridge: University Press. Dorian, Nancy C. 1978a. East Sutherland Gaelic. Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies. -----. 1978b. The dying dialect and the role of the schools: East Sutherland Gaelic and Pennsylvania Dutch. International dimensions of bilingual education, ed. by James E. Alatis, 646-56. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. MacLeôid, Raghnall. 1976. Bith-eôlas, translated by Ruaraidh MacThömais. Glasgow: Gairm. Oftedal, Magne. 1956. The Gaelic of Leurbost. (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Supplementary vol. 4.) Oslo: Aschehoug. Robertson, Edith Anne. 1968. Translations into the Scots tongue of poems by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Aberdeen: University Press. Romaine, Suzanne. 1975. Linguistic variability in the speech of some Edinburgh schoolchildren . M. Litt, thesis, University of Edinburgh. Thomson, Derick S. 1966. The MacMhuirich bardic family. Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 43:3-31. -----. 1968. Gaelic learned orders and literati in Medieval Scotland. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Celtic Studies, ed. by W. F. H. Nicolaisen. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh. ----- (ed.) 1976. Gaelic in Scotland / Gàidhlig ann an Albainn. Glasgow: Gairm. [Received 14 March 1980.] Case marking and grammatical relations in Polynesian. By Sandra Chung. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978. Pp. xi, 401. $16.95. Reviewed by Ross Clark, University ofAuckland Controversy over the nature and origin ofPolynesian ergativity can be traced back at least 50 years (Churchward 1928, Williams 1928), but a new and more intense debate began about ten years ago. Chung's book, based on her 1976 dissertation, is the largest contribution so far, and one of the most important. She draws upon first-hand work with speakers of four languages, as well as extensive study of grammars and texts. REVIEWS 199 Cs introduction briefly surveys the phonological and morphological characteristics ofPolynesian languages and their subgrouping, as shown in Figure 1 . Polynesian Tongic Tongan Niuean Nuclear Polynesian Samoic-Outlier Samoan Tokelauan East Uvean Pukapukan Kapingamarangi Rennellese Mele-Fila etc. Figure 1. East Polynesian Maori Rarotongan Penrhyn Tahitian Hawaiian Easter Island etc. Chap. 1 discusses some features of surface syntax, including word order (predominantly verb-initial, with fairly free order of following constituents), case marking (mainly by prepositions), clitic pronouns (subject pronouns which precede the verb), and relativization.1 In Chap. 2, C sets forth the basic facts which are the focus of her interest. East Polynesian languages have accusative case marking, with the nominative NP unmarked and the accusative marked with a preposition i (sometimes ki). They also have a Passive rule, which places the underlying object in the unmarked case, marks the underlying subject with the agentive preposition e, and adds to the verb a suffix of variable form, conventionally represented as -Cia. Maori examples are: ( 1 ) Ka inu te tangata i te wai TNS drink the man acc the water 'The man drank the water.' (2) Ka inu-mia te wai e te tangata. TNS drink-Cïa the water agt the man 'The water was drunk by the man.' But in Samoan, Tongan, and a number of other non-Eastern languages, transitive verbs fall into two large classes. Middle verbs show an accusative case marking, formally cognate with...

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