The origins and development of emigrant languages ed. by Hans F. Nielsen and Lene Schøsler (review)

BOOK NOTICES 683 tween prestigious and nonprestigious varieties of Spanish. The final three papers consider implications of data from bilinguals for syntactic theory. John M. Lipski (159-86) describes implications of null subject use among Spanish-English bilinguals for prodrop and the notion ofresetting the pro-drop parameter . Francesco D'Introno (187-201) relates the possibility ofcode-switching to conditions on movement , and Almeœ>a Jacqueline Toribio and Edward J. Rubin (203-26) discuss other syntactic constraints on code-switching. The volume is exceptionally well-edited although the nonword unrelentless (60) did sup by, and Hammond 's paper, written in English, has a title in Basque and Spanish. Further, Hammond consistently but erroneously glosses the d in Basque words like Duke 'He probably has it' as 'agent' (7 and elsewhere). Little else in the volume warrants negative comment. This collection offers a panoramic view of work currently being done. The papers are competently executed and a welcome contribution to the growing literature on Spanish bilingualism. [Glenn Ayres, Inter American University ofPuerto Rico, San Germ án Campus.] The origins and development of emigrant languages. Ed. by Hans F. Nielsen and Lene Sch0sler. (Proceedings from the second Rasmus Rask colloquium , Odense University, November 1994). Odense: Odense University Press, 1996. Pp. xi, 318. Languages under discussion in these selected papers range from Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman/ French, Norn and Latin in Spain to modern-day Afrikaans , emigrant Englishes, French inCanada, Danish in the U.S., and Spanish in Chile. There is also a short preface. For purposes of discussion I have regrouped the papers beginning with those ofhistorical interest. In his paper on the language of the Anglo-Saxons , David Parsons (141-56) uses archaeological evidence to show that Anglo-Saxon was a much more diverse language than has been previously thought; he discusses Frisian, Anglian, and Saxon as well as Scandinavian elements in the language of these Germanic settlers. Alfred Wollmann's (215-42) paper on Scandinavian loanwords in Old English chronicles lexical borrowing as the result of the co-existence of the language of the AngloSaxons with the Old Norse (subsequently AngloNorse ) of the ninth-century Scandinavian invaders. Of related interest are the four papers on AngloNorman : Douglas A. Kibbee (1-20) discusses the 'life-cycle' of Anglo-Norman as an emigrant language , which in spite of being reinforced by speakers of continental French gradually fell into decline as a native language but in later centuries (as Anglo-French) served as a language of record in a diglossic situation with English. D. A. Trotter (21-39) expands this to triglossia in a discussion of the lexicons of English, Anglo-French, and Latin in fourteenth-century England. Thera de Jong (55-70), using the Dees method of localizing Old French literary texts, discusses continental influences on Anglo-French; and W. Rothwell (41-54) documents how English took from French not only 'exalted' lexis but also the coarser language of cursing. Michael Barnes (169-99) documents the rise and death in the nineteenth century of Norn, the ninth-century language of western Norwegian invaders which completely supplanted the languages of the original inhabitants of the islands of Orkney and Shetland, and Laurits Rendboe (201-13) shows how ballads from the Scandinavian mainland were known and used by Shetland Nom speakers. Roger Wright (277-98) uses the concept of 'interdialect' to show that early Ibero-Romance was a highly diverse language up to thirteenthcentury standardization. Papers on more contemporary languages include Pieter van Reenan and Anna Coetzee's (71-101) discussion of two early variants of Afrikaans, Cape Dutch, and Creole Dutch and J. van Marle's (103-15) paper on both the exonormative as well as the endonormative Dutch influences on contemporary Afrikaans. Manfred Görlach (117-40) provides an overview of the phonology, morphology, and lexicon of native-language and second-language emigrantEnglishes; Yves-Charles Morin (243-75) details diverse seventeenth-century influences on Canadian French; Marianne St0len (157-67) shows how singing in two Danish-American organizations contributes to language maintenance of Danish; and Juan Hernando Cárdenas (299-318) discusses (in French) indigenous influences on contemporary Chilean Spanish. This excellent collection ofpapers provides a good balance between historical and modern...