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BOOK reviews117 completely neglected, would find a treatment as adequate as Andreas Holzem's study of a movement with which it is sometimes confused. Victor Conzemius Lucerne, Switzerland Katholische Vereine in Baden undWürttemberg, 1848-1914:Ein Beitrag zur Organisationsgeschichte des südwestdeutschen Katholizismus im Rahmen der Entstehung der modernen Industriegesellschaft. By Winfrid Halder. [Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Zeitgeschichte, Reihe B: Forschungen, Band 64.] (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. 1995. Pp. xxix, 409.) Although the title suggests a rather narrowly defined monograph, this book makes a substantial contribution to the field. Winfrid Haider defines the function and meaning of the Verein (association or club), the Verband (association, federation, or union) and the Gewerkschaft (trade union) for modern German Catholicism. He delineates the various forms of association, traces their development , and examines the relationship between clergy and laity in them. As a product of the Commission for Contemporary History, it is soLidly grounded in archival research. This work is the first comprehensive and systematic treatment of German Catholic voluntary associations to appear in a long time. Haider describes the Vereine as the infrastructure of nineteenth-century German Catholicism, relying heavily on the interpretations of Heinz Hurten, Klaus Schatz, and others. Beginning in the 1840's, a network of clubs, organizations, newspapers, and journals arose under the nominal leadership of the Catholic Association of Germany. The most successful Vereine—and there were hundreds of them—were devoted primarily to charity and to the missions. The Catholic political clubs of 1848 failed to take hold among the faithful, however, and vanished almost as quickly as they appeared. The voluntary associations did not curb secularization as the ultramontanists hoped, nor did they "emancipate " the laity as progressive reformers hoped. These were by no means tightly organized. They were simply a Catholic presence in society helping shape social conscience during industrialization, without realizing any potential for mass political movement. According to Haider, the Kulturkampf did not forge any union of all classes into a mass movement. Some Catholic organizations actually declined, perhaps because of the economic depression. The one mass political Verein to arise in the 1870's, the Mainz Association, faded like the clubs of 1848. It was the Catholic press and the Center Party that benefited from the church-state conflict of the 1870's,not the Vereine. Imperial Germany witnessed the culmination of "associational Catholicism," particularly during the period 1878-1908. A new generation of leadership had 1 18BOOK REVIEWS arisen, and a new type of association had come of age: the Verband. Having weathered the Kulturkampf and Germany's industrial "take off," Catholic organizers now constructed vocational associations to fight against socialism and secularism. Emphasizing the shared social responsibilities of worker and owner, they hoped to strengthen the moral fabric of industrialized society. By the twentieth century, Catholic federations and trade unions had eclipsed tlie charitable organizations, and a conflict ignited within the Church. The trade unions had chosen to emphasize Christian rather than Catholic identity among members. "Integralists" within the associations called for greater openness to the modern world. The Catholic Conference responded by calling for clerical control of the trade unions, while the bishops sought to discipline the associations . On the eve ofWorldWar I, the conflict remained unresolved, the Christian Trade Unions had peaked, and associational Catholicism had reached its zenith. Haider provides a summary of traditional historiography and an analysis of the vast array of clubs and organizations. There are no particularly new arguments or interpretations, and the author does not adequately address issues raised by social historians, such as Urs Altermatt or Michael Klöcker. While the regional focus ofthe study is southwest Germany, Haider devotes most space to national developments. Associations and their histories in Baden andWürttemberg are treated fully. The regional history ofpolitical Catholicism is woven into the fabric of the larger narrative as well. Yet, this is primarily a study of German Catholicism in which Baden and Württemberg necessarily fall into the background . Eric John Yonke University ofWisconsin-Stevens Point Elgar, Newman and "The Dream of Gerontius": In the Tradition of English Catholicism. By Percy M. Young. (Brookfield, Vermont: Scolar Press, Ashgate Publishing Co. 1995. Pp. xiii, 162. $54.95.) History...

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