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The author, a former member of the staffs of the Carnegie Institutions and the State Department 's Foreign Service, has in the past specialized inHispanic history. He holds the Ph.D. degree from Harvard University and is now in government service. The Northern State Militia ROBERT S. CHAMBERLAIN THE CIVIL WAR NON-FEDERALIZED MILITIA ESTABLISHMENTS of the Northern states made considerable, and generally overlooked, contributions to the national war effort and to the ever-mounting war potential of the United States.1 Most Northern states progressively increased the size and capabilities of their militia establishments as the conflict ran its course. Although this militia buildup naturally responded to the immediate demands of the war, it seems to have been further stimulated by an intangible general feeling that it would be in the national interest to have, so far as possible, the nation's manpower organized and trained. It must not be forgotten that our original concept of national defense envisaged a militia which represented a form of universal service. 1 The basic sources employed for this survey are the militia sections and tables in the reports of the Adjutants General and other official publications of the following Northern states for the years indicated: California, 1862, 1864-1865; Connecticut, 1861, year ending March 31, 1863, year ending April 1, 1864, year ending March 31, 1865; Illinois, Volume I of the eight-volume report of the adjutant general of Illinois published in 1886, which contains reports for the years 1861-1866, and Volume I of the revised eight-volume reports for 1861-1866, published 1900-1901, which also includes reports for the years 1861-1866; Indiana, Volumes I, III, and VII, of the report of the adjutant general of Indiana for 1861-1865, an eight-volume series published 1865-1869, and also the report for the two years ending December 31, 1878; Iowa, 1862-1863, 1864, 1865, and Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion together with Historical Sketches of Volunteer Organizations, 18611866 (Des Moines, 1908-11), 5 vols., Vol. V; Kansas, 1864; Kentucky, 1863, and Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky, 1861-1866 (Frankfort, 1866-67), 2 vols.; Maine, 1862, 1863, 1864-1865; Massachusetts, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865; Michigan, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865-1866; Minnesota, 1863, and year ending December 1, 1866; Missouri, 1863, 1864; New Hampshire, year ending May 30, 1865; New Jersey, 1862, 1863, 1864-1865, and Record of Officers and Men of New 105 106ROBERT S. CHAMBERLAIN The aggregate of the Northern organized militias, that is, of state forces in being, was never less than 125,000 from the close of 1862 onward and rose to well above 200,000 by the close of the conflict.2 Although not part of the Army of the United States while in purely state service, these forces were nevertheless within the total of the nation's armed forces under our then dual state-federal military system. Adding the aggregate of the state organized militias to the number of men in Federal service brings the total of Northern manpower under military organization to more than 1,000,000 at the end of each year from 1862 on, and to far above that figure at the close of hostilities, when about 1,000,000 were in the Federal Army.3 In addition, through the non-federalized state forces a large number of men not counted in the usual statistics of Northern mobilization were brought under military organization and training and into field service and sometimes into combat. The Northern state forces performed a number of functions during the war. In the aggregate, they provided the over-all military system of the United States with a large organized reserve that was available for regional service and with a basic training and replacement component. The last Federal enrollment before the close of hostilities showed some Jersey in the CivilWar, 1861-1865 (Trenton, 1876), 2 vols.; New York, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865; Ohio, 1864; Pennsylvania, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865; Rhode Island, 1863, 1864, 1865; Vermont, year ending October 1, 1865 West Virginia, 1865; Wisconsin, year ending September 30, 1863, year ending December 31, 1864, year ending December...

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