Indirect Aggression and Victimization are Positively Associated in Emerging Adulthood: The Psychological Functioning of Indirect Aggressors and Victims

A study of 106 undergraduate students found that scores on measures of indirect aggression, both as aggressors and as victims, given to separate respondents, were associated with scores on measures of anger discomfort, silencing the self, and subscales of the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory (1957). A second study, of 113 undergraduate students, found that scores on the measures of indirect aggression (as aggressor and as victim, with both scales given to each respondent) were positively associated, indicating that aggressors are often victims. Scores on both measures of indirect aggression were positively associated with scores on measures of silencing the self.