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But why do they differ? How important relative to each other are the antipodal forces ofadaptation andhistorical accident? Coon sets himselfsquarely in the camp ofadaptation and (with Hunt involved in this part) presents an impressive amount ofdirect and indirect evidence for an adaptive significance ofa wide variety oftrends. The aspects ofthe environment invoked are mainly epidemic diseases and climate, and the geography of different aspects ofclimate itselfoccupies fifteen pages with maps. Some ofthe characters discussed are relatively recondite, and for some no adaptive significance is suggested. It is peculiar, although not physiologically inexplicable, that both increased heat flow through the lower arms (some Mongoloids) and decreased flow (cold-adapted populations of other races) are regarded by workers in the area as specific adaptations to cold. Coon does not, I think, mention chance as even a real alternative to selection (including pleiotropic adaptation). However, human populations have often been small, and realistic models now indicate that random elements may have been moderately important in human evolution for monogenic or even oligogenic traits. The general importance of these random elements is still unsettled. I noticed fewer factual errors and omission of information in this book than in The Origin ofRaces. However, they are still moderately prevalent in the sections that I am competent to judge. "Actually, an allele is a molecule of protein, like all other genes" (p. 269). This and less egregious bloops do not seriously damage the book. On the other hand, evidence and interpretations contrary to those advocated are seldom to be found. Blum's [3] excellent paper denying an adaptive significance to skin color is ignored, although I suspect Coon has the better case, and there are other examples. Garn's discussion ofadaptation [4] is to some degree complementary, and both should be consulted. As a whole, however, I think that Coon has produced about as good a book on recent human races as could be written mainly by one person, and for the entire subject it has no close rivals. REFERENCES 1.C. S. Coon. The origin of races. New York: Knopf, 1962. 2.C. S. Coon, S. M. Garn, and J. B. Birdsell. Races. Springfield, IU.: Charles C Thomas, 1950. 3.H. F. Blum. Quart. Rev. Biol., 36:50-53, 1961. 4.S. M. Garn. Human Races, 2d ed. Springfield, 111.: Charles C Thomas, 1965. Leigh Van Valen University ofChicago The Testing ofNegro Intelligence. By Audrey M. Shuey. 2d ed. New York: Social Science Press, 1966. Pp. 578. $6.50. This book should be read by all individuals interested in the causes ofthe problems of the Negro. It is a challenge to the dogma that the genetic bases ofintelligence ofthe average Negro are identical or similar to those ofthe average white. For this reason the book is likely to be ignored or denounced as was the first edition. 321 The book is a compendium ofalmost all available published studies and unpublished theses on the intelligence ofNegroes as measured by intelligence tests. The studies include preschool children, children in elementary and secondary schools, college students, members ofthe armed services, veterans, homeless men, the gifted, the mentally deficient, delinquents, and criminals. In almost all studies, Negroes regularly score significantly below whites on the average. The cornerstone ofthe scientific method is the controlled study in which all variables are kept constant or randomized except for the factor under study. Obviously, not all factors that may affect test performance can be controlled or randomized. Also, all "racial" groups are of mixed origins. In many studies no attempt was made to control any variable. Some data on Negroes were merely compared to norms on whites; the time, the place, and the manner of selection were different. Negroes of one city were compared with whites of another city, and many groups were not representative of either Negro or white populations. The gamut of errors of experimental design and of logic are illustrated over and over by these studies. Some studies were done a few decades ago when the standardized intelligence test was regarded as a nearly perfect instrument for measuring native intelligence, when the dogma of the constancy of the LQ. was popular, and many who studied intelligence were willing to define...

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