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116Bulletin of Friends Historical Association with glances at their worry over the Clandestine Marriage Bill. Enough personal detail is included to show that the complications of such effort are no less familiar than the methods. He makes it clear that many Friends did not feel easy in their minds about this path of action. Also, he asserts, with considerable documentation, that Friends' testimony against paying tithes was not upheld so faithfully by the Society as a whole as to make persecution for this delinquency as widely oppressive as Friends have frequently described it. By 1732, the Test and Corporation Acts — which made the taking of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the Church of England a prerequisite to the holding of any university, corporation, civil, or military office — had driven the ministers of the Dissenters to work for the repeal of the Acts. The lay committee they set up, the Dissenting Deputies' Committee, deliberately copied the form and the methods of the Quaker lobby. Whatever their success in shaping legislation, these bodies did succeed in shaping potent political instruments and in building up the will and the skill to use them. The Quaker lobby worked directly with Members of Parliament, at first. But with Sir Robert Walpole, in 1721, came Cabinet Government. Suddenly their approach must be to the "Proper Person or Persons" — that is, Sir Robert. The dilemma of the Quakers and the Dissenting Deputies, who found that their only hope of right result lay in working with this pleasant and corrupt First Lord of the Treasury, who would work with them only to his own advantage, becomes an interesting story of intense exasperation, protracted but well disciplined. To work with the Opposition against the slow, the wily Walpole would, they understood, bring them no success. (The possibility that the Dissenting Deputies played their churches false is carefully discounted.) The author holds that the political realism of the Quakers and the Dissenting Deputies and the tact of Sir Robert Walpole produced a stalemate that England needed and, at the same time, permitted the perfecting of political tools for future progress, sectarian and civil. Those tools we still employ. Blackburn College.John Forbes Freedom from Fear: The Slave and His Emancipation. By O. A. Sherrard. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1961. 200 pages. $3.95. A Quaker Pioneer: Laura Haviland, Superintendent of the Underground. By Mildred E. Danforth. New York: Exposition Press. 1961. 259 pages. $3.50. Both of these volumes treat aspects of the world crusade against slavery. O. A. Sherrard's Freedom from Fear: The Slave and His Emancipation is actually somewhat narrower in scope than its title implies. The book consists of two distinct sections. In the first part, entitled "The Slave," the author attempts to summarize slavery from ancient times down to the early nineteenth century. Its ten chapters, which range over topics as varied as Book Reviews117 "Sir John Hawkins," "The Trade," and "The Slave at Work," provides a very sketchy and highly generalized set of pictures. Slavery in the English colonies receives the major emphasis. Part two, entitled "Emancipation," is primarily the story of the English reform agitation, legal decisions and Parliamentary moves which led to the 1833 statute providing for gradual compensated emancipation within the British empire. There is considerable attention given to the contributions of Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, and William Wilberforce. Freedom from Fear is a highly readable, though sketchy, account of its subject. At times the author seems to go out of his way to defend or explain British participation in slavery and the slave trade. He credits the Quakers with starting the popular reaction against slavery and leading the agitation which brought on its ultimate extinction. Mildred E. Danforth's A Quaker Pioneer: Laura Haviland, Superintendent of the Underground relates the life of one of the American antislavery reformers. In 1829 Laura S. Haviland and her family moved to Michigan Territory, where she became active in the antislavery movement and assisted some fugitive slaves. She also founded Raisin Institute, a school for colored and white children. She frequently visited Cincinnati, where she helped Levi Coffin's work with the fugitive slaves in...

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