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Book Reviews69 topic, a summary would have been quite acceptable. If this could not be achieved, it might have been better had the author begun with this issue, moving on to examine the parallels in other areas of life. The structure of Braithwaite's book is further dulled by the complete absence of analysis in the main text; this is carefully separated out into a rathershort"Partii" which consists ofthree chapters, none ofwhich contain any analysis: instead, one of these chapters consists of a summary of legal disabilities, constraints and penalties suffered by objectors and a second considers the rights and privileges accorded by individual tribunals and juries. There is nothing in these two chapters which has not already been said and they serve only to bring together the information previously distributed between the sections; a more thematic approach to and structuring of the book would have enabled cross-comparison to be distributed throughout the text and might have enabled an argument to have emerged. While Braithwaite's summaries in these chapters are very helpful, they are conducted in the systematic, empiricist fashion of the earlier chapters, without any attempt to move beyond the historian 's task ofrecording events to the historian's equally important task of interpreting them. Conscientious Objection to Compulsions UndertheLowis apublication of Sessions Press, who do a sterling job in making available to us the work of Quaker historians, both amateur and, as in this case, professional, but the standard ofpublishing which this textdisplays is sadly not impressive. There are a number of serious proofreading errors of a type which the most basic spell-check program should catch, one so serious as to make the chapter on vaccination almost unintelligible to the medically ignorant ("lymph" for lymph throughout) and in a numberofplaces several lines have been printed without the benefit ofspaces between the words. Although this is clearly not the fault of the author, it does little to enhance the reading experience. Farah MendlesohnMiddlesex University, London *For those uninitiated in British legal history, Wales, as a conquered nation, has always been governed by the same statutes as England. Scotland, however, as a theoretically equal partner, has usually been legislated for separately, if all too often through the votes of English MPs. Jonathan E. Rhoads, M.D.: Quaker Sense and Sensibility in the World of Surgery. By John L. Rombeau and Donna Muldoon. Philadelphia: Hanley andBelfus, 1997. xi + 308 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $35. This is afine and enjoyable book, well-researched and sensitively written 70Quaker History by authors who know Dr. Rhoads very well. There are many highly appropriate photographs, innumerable quotes from family, friends and associates, and a very useful index and bibliography, as well as complete annotation of quotations. Dr. Rhoads came to HUP (Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania) in 1932 as an intern and rose to be Chairman of the services. Although he "stepped down" in the seventies, he remains at 90 a very active and important presence there. Research, initiated by Dr. Isadore Ravdin in the 1920s, continued by Rhoads and Ravdin in close association and continued for 50 years, produced numerous important discoveries such as the role of Vitamin K in clotting, and culminated in "TPN" (Total Parenteral Nutrition). It has been called the most important advance in surgery in the twentieth century. Ravdin said early that until surgeons could manage to sustain nutrition and other vital functions for a patient through the whole surgical event, surgeons would be looked upon by colleagues and others as merely highly-skilled manual craftsmen. In spite of the finest technique, patients were dying because they could not be nourished via the gastrointestinal tract. It took 50 years of unceasing work (the larger part of the time under Dr. Rhoads) to achieve TPN, but now patients can be sustained indefinitely through a tube in a vein, supplying all the elements of a complete diet, resulting in good resistance to infection, optimal wound repair, less morbidity and mortality, and less suffering. Used throughout the world, thousands of lives have been saved. Except for an illness after World War II, Dr. Rhoads' clinical work was never interrupted, but in the same time, he wrote...

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