The Papers of Joseph Henry, Vol. 7, January 1847-December 1849, and: Vol. 8, January 1850-December 1853 (review)

These two volumes cover the first seven years of Joseph Henry's tenure as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In taking on this position Henry largely abandoned the research on electromagnetism that had made his reputation as America's leading experimental scientist. His importance in the history of American science, however, extends well beyond his research. It is Henry's central role in the development of the American scientific community, and especially his efforts to elevate the place of science and scientific research within American society, that make this edition of his papers important. As the Smithsonian currently faces challenges to its tradition of research, these two volumes are a timely reminder of how Henry nurtured the institution from an uncertain birth to maturity as a leading center for scientific research and education.

The debate over what to do with James Smithson's bequest of more than half a million dollars for the establishment of an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," an important theme in volume 6, continued in the early years of Henry's tenure as secretary. Henry first set out his own views on the subject in September 1846 and refined them into a formal "Programme of Organization" in December 1847 through correspondence and discussions with leading American scientists, politicians, and other public figures interested in defining what kind of institution would be most appropriate. Henry's plan emphasized support for original research and publication, while others called for a national library, museum, or college, and some even argued for a local institution serving the citizens of Washington, D.C. Through a series of compromises with the Smithsonian Board of Regents, Henry gained support for his research and publication program while acceding to the desires of those who wanted an impressive public building to house a museum and library. Unable to scale back the plans for the building, Henry found it to be a drain on funds that might have been used for other activities.

Criticism of Henry's support for scientific research persisted during these years. Certain critics argued that the Smithsonian should focus on bringing knowledge to a large audience by supporting popular books and lectures. Political opponents occasionally sought to change the Smithsonian's mission—as with Senator Stephen A. Douglas's effort to make it the basis of a new department of agriculture. Another group of critics, members of the scientific community, complained that Henry played favorites in supporting certain individuals.

Henry also faced criticism from his principal assistants, Spencer Baird, who headed the museum, and Charles Jewett, who headed the library. Both were frustrated by Henry's habit of micromanagement and by his efforts to limit the scope of their departments. Although taxed by these criticisms and by the long hours resulting from his efforts to oversee all of the Smithsonian's activities, Henry remained committed. While he agreed with his friends that he was better suited to the academic life, he felt that his leadership was essential to the future of the Smithsonian Institution.

Henry believed that his position gave him a unique influence over the future of American science, especially through his publication program, the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, to which he devoted much of his time. He also supported research by offering small grants and publication subventions, and occasionally by providing scientific instruments. The one major research project undertaken by the Smithsonian was the building of a network of observers who gathered meteorological data of both theoretical and applied value. This network also garnered support for the Smithsonian, as did a local effort about which Henry was more ambivalent, the public lecture series. This...