Book Notes

432 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY opposite theses about the foundations of logic and mathematics confronted each other. One would eliminate entirely psychological analysis from the investigations of logical validity. This was logicism while empiriocriticism and empirical psychology would adopt the methods of the natural sciences to logic and mathematics. Husserl took no extremist stand, not even in the Prolegomena zu einer reinen Logik. Like his university teacher, Brentano, in Vienna, Husserl adopted the scholastic idea of intentio revived by Brentano, but not the other phases of the latter's psychologY. He learned from Weierstrass and later on from Bolzano some basic ideas. This influence showed itself later in Die Philosophie der Arithmetik. According to thes~ doctrines there exist "truths by themselves" of a particular kind--mathematical essences--which constitute rules of the formal laws governing those deductive sciences. It is from such concepts that Husserl proceeded to the eidetic, nonempirical conceptions of his new phenomenological science. Any object--not only the logico-mathematical--belonging to any region of being could thus become subject to a kind of analysis obtaining for instance in geometry. The objective sense of the object, its essence, becomes a rule indicating possible experiences. The experience (Erlebnis), the representation, can be "seen" and "understood" in the essence of its object, in the eidetic field of possibilities, not as a conglomerate of individual facts. Thus Husserl's psychology was defined by the two operations of reduction: the psychological one, i.e., the elimination of the natural world and the eidetic one, i.e., the exclusion of immanent facts, of the psychology of "internal perception." The author of this interesting study on Husserl is assistant professor of moral philosophy at the University of Bologna. He is also author of a book on Jacques Maritain. MAX RIESER New York City BOOK N O T E S Struttura e pensiero del Laelius ciceroniano. By BeUincioni. (Brescia: Paideia, 1970. Pp. 251. Lirr 3,500) In this book Professor Bellincioni discusses Cicero's concept of friendship. According to the author Cicero accepts the Greek concept of friendship as a human manifestation and he also espouses the Roman conception of friendship as a social bond and an efficient tool in the world of the body politic. But Cicero, the author continues, receives both views within his soul and at the same time puts on them his personal imprint. Cicero views friendship as a human, political and social bond based on disinterest and virtue. Thus Cicero combines the Greco-Roman world with his personal philosophical aspirations or ideas: a view which makes his Laelius an original book in the world of philosophical speculation. --A. A. De G. Inquiries into Medieval Philosophy; a Collection in Honor o/ Francis P. Clarke. James F. Ross, Editor. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Co., 1971. Pp. ix, 329. $15) "The occasion for assembling this collection is the retirement of Francis P. Clarke from the faculty of philosophy of the University of Pennsylvania." BOOK REVIEWS 433 This beautifully printed and edited volume contains fourteen important essays by distinguished scholars in the field, the majority of which have been recognized as making distinctive contributions to the history of medieval philosophy. It is very useful, as well as being a fitting tribute to the work of Professor Clarke, to have these major historical essays, published in various periodicals during the last decades, in a single volume. The contributors are: L M. Boehenski, Peter Geach, Paul Desmond Henry, Gareth B. Matt.hews, Ralph M. Mclnerny, Ernest A. Moody, John A. Mourant, Joseph Owens, Timothy C. Potts, A. N. Prior, James F. Ross, Iulis R. Weinberg, Harry A. Wolfson, and Allan B. Wolter. --H. W. S. Man and Citizen: Thomas Hobbes. Edited with an introduction by Bernard Gert. The first translation of Chs. X to XV of De Homine is by Charles T. Wood, T. S. K. ScottlCraig, and Bernard Gert. (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday and Co., 1972. Pp. 386. $2.95) This volume includes: a critical Introduction to Hobbes's theory of obligation (natural and rational); a translation and first edition of De Homine, Chs. 10 to 15; a new edition of Hobbe's own translation of De Cive, which he entitled: Philosophical...