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BOOK REVIEWS ~47 ism as he sees it, or is in a state of indignation at the moral or intellectual failures of others. Like Nietzsche, he is quintessentially a reflective moralist trying to see and live life whole. Very demanding in everything having to do with scholarship, he is less demanding in philosophical argument; where one might expect him to slow down and proceed by small, careful steps, he often hurries on, as if st) aware of his goal or so sure of it that he cannot slow down even where the footing is slippery. Now that I have written this characterization of Kaufmann as a thinker, I remember that he is dead, and so I shift to the past tense and to sadness. I remember that in spite of his defiance of current philosophical attitudes, he was hurt by the failure of philosophical journals to review or to ascribe importance to his later books. Professionally speaking, he was a loner and a lonely man. Yet his life was rich in interests-apart from philosophy, there were religion, literature, and art, especially East Asian art, and photography. In everything he was humble-proud, an individual whose voice speaks (I hear it clearly) from each page he wrote. If I have been reluctant to probe more deeply, it may be because Walter Kaufmann and I shared many interests and were good friends, but also because he died before his own self-discovery, (which he says was furthered by this series of books), reached the limit of which, granted a longer life, he was capable. He says, "We are not finished until we are dead. While we live we are like a speaker in midsentence, who cannot be fully understood until he has had a chance to finish" (fII, 446). I have the feeling, however, that it was just his death that caught him in midsentence, and that he remained unfinished and (like all of us?) even enigmatic. BEN-AMI SCHARFSTEIN Tel-Aviv University Klaus Held, Heraklit, Parmenides und der Anfang yon Philosophie und Wissenschaft: Eine ph~nomenologische Besinnung. New York, Berlin: Walter de (;ruyter, t98o, pp. 6o4. DM 188.oo. Subtitled "A Phenomenologicai Reflection" this work is essentially an expanded version of the author's 1969 dissertation on Heraclitus. Its interest, style and conclusions are heavily influenced by the thought of the later Husserl, Heidegger and the author 's teacher, Ludwig Landgrebe. While the author feels free to criticize and modify the conception of phenomenology of his predecessors he does on the whole remain within the current of their thought. The book is divided into three parts, the first a i t 3 page very widely ranging essay on the history of philosophy from the phenomenological point of view; the second--and the main body of the work---a 341 page detailed interpretation and reconstruction of Heraclitus's thought; the third a ! lO page companion piece to the first part, an interpretation of Parmenides presented as the second fruit of the author's labors to construct a general account of the rise of philosophy and science using some of the main ideas of phenomenology. The first seventy five pages of Part I have little to do with the pre-Socratics. 248 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Rather they constitute something on the order of a peace offering to try to bridge the gaps and fragmentations of the contemporary philosophical scene by taking the theme of the conjoint rise of science and philosophy as a matter of serious interest to all sides. On page 55 the author reveals that for him the central concept in his attempt to relate phenomenology, the pre-Socratics and the contemporary preoccupation with science is Husseri's concept of the "Lebenswelt" or "lifeworid" suitably purged of its Husserlian unclarities. The principal outcome of this attempt is the conclusion (pp. 85-86) that science got off the ground, so to speak with (i) the attempt to thematize the world as having an identity marked by an indifferent impersonality (manifesting itself in such impersonal locutions as "It is hot.") and (if) the distinction between "wissenschafllichen und nichtwissenschaftlichen Denken." In Part If the reader must pick his way through a series of...

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