Fossils of Hawaiian birds reveal at least eight additional avian colonizations of the
archipelago, and about 45 additional species of resident birds, thereby raising the number of
species in the Holocene avifauna to about 92 and the number of avian colonizations to 20 or
more. The colonizing species can be categorized as either waterbirds, raptors, or
passerines. Flightlessness and terrestriality developed in over half of the waterbird lineages,
adaptations for ornithophagy occur in half of the raptorial lineages, and adaptive radiation …