Roma/Gypsies, nomads newly arrived in Europe in the 1400s, endured expulsions, forcible removal of children, servitude in galleys or mines, death sentences for being Gypsy, and absolute slavery in the Balkans from the 16th century onward. Persecution stemmed from highest authorities in State and Church. Following the murder of 200,000 to 500,000 Roma in the Holocaust, persecution persists, especially in Central and Eastern Europe where Roma form up to 10% of population (Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania). Discriminated against under communism, their plight has dramatically worsened since 1989. Endemic problems (low life expectancy, high illiteracy, dire poverty, poor housing) are now heightened by massive, disproportionate unemployment. Unprecedented persecution has been unleashed by new state nationalism and easing of censorship. Roma are the new scapegoat for post-Communist society's ills. The media commonly stigmatize Roma. Few countries have created laws to protect Roma rights. Some activists fear a potential genocide if conditions worsen.