Cultural causality and law: a trial formulation of the development of early civilizations

JH Steward - American Anthropologist, 1949 - JSTOR
JH Steward
American Anthropologist, 1949JSTOR
IT IS about three-quarters of a century since the early anthropologists and sociologists
attempted to formulate cultural regularities in generalized or scientific terms. The specific
evolutionary formulations of such writers as Morgan1 and Tylor2 and the functional or
sociological formulations of Durk-heim and others were largely repudiated by the 20th
century anthropologists, especially by those of the so-called" Boas" school, whose field work
tested and cast doubt on their validity. Today, despite an enormous and ever-increasing …
IT IS about three-quarters of a century since the early anthropologists and sociologists attempted to formulate cultural regularities in generalized or scientific terms. The specific evolutionary formulations of such writers as Morgan1 and Tylor2 and the functional or sociological formulations of Durk-heim and others were largely repudiated by the 20th century anthropologists, especially by those of the so-called" Boas" school, whose field work tested and cast doubt on their validity. Today, despite an enormous and ever-increasing stock-pile of cultural data, little effort has been made to devise new formulations or even to develop a methodology for doing so, except as White and Childe have kept alive the tradition of Morgan, as Radcliffe-Brown and Redfield have continued in the spirit of Durkheim, and as Malinowski has attempted to reconcile diverse schools of anthropology through a" scientific theory of culture." Reaction to evolutionism and scientific functionalism has very nearly amounted to a denial that regularities exist; that is, to a claim that history never repeats itself. While it is theoretically admitted that cause and effect operate in cultural phenomena, it is considered somewhat rash to mention causality, let alone" law," in specific cases. Attention is centered on cultural differences, particulars, and peculiarities, and culture is often treated as if it developed quixotically, without determinable causes, or else appeared full-blown.
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