The Journal of Military History

Krebs, Gerhard.
Operation Super Sunrise? Japanese-United States Peace Feelers in Switzerland, 1945
The Journal of Military History - Volume 69, Number 4, October 2005, pp. 1081-1120

Society for Military History

In early 1945 Japanese navy circles in Berlin tried to begin peace negotiations with the United States. Using their contacts with the arms trader Friedrich Wilhelm Hack, they sent Commander Fujimura Yoshikazu to Switzerland, where he opened talks with Allen W. Dulles of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services. Though the Japanese navy and Foreign Ministry showed some interest, the peace attempts finally failed since neither side took the initiative to an official level. Fujimura confused his government by claiming that the Americans had made the first step, while the U.S. side waited for proof that the administration in Tokyo was backing the navy officer's initiative.