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312 ELEANOR COOK many aspects in relation to poetics, literary (re)creation and interpretation, and writer-reader interchangeability. In short, an excellent book, and one which should whet the reader's appetite for Amossy's forthcoming book on Le Rivagedes Syrtes. Images of Voice ELEANOR COOK John Hollander. The Figure of Echo: A Mode of Allusion in Milton and After Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, Quantum Books 1981. x, 155. $17.50 When a metaphor dies and is buried, we may lose a good deal, especially if a myth as well as a metaphor go underground. Oddly enough, the more abstract word may lose rather than gain accuracy when its figural sense becomes defunct. Those of us who speak rather casually of one author 'echoing' another- of, say, Milton echoing Virgil in his famous leaves-of-Vallombrosa lines - and equally those of us who speak of intertextual and intratexual meaning, are greatly in debt to John Hollander. For he has reminded us that, when we hear echo or pursue meaning in or between texts, we perforce enact a role in one of the various stories of the nymph Echo. Her terrain is more intricate and fascinating than our casual overview or rhetorical hubris has supposed. Hollander has mapped this terrain with such precision, wit, and grace that any reader and lover of poetry, from the common reader to the literary theorist, will find sustenance and delight in his book. Hollander, like the OED, begins with Echo Acoustical and Echo Allegorical: the first, a refreshing of our acoustical knowledge and diction; the second, an absorbing story ofEcho's own stories, from echo to Echo, Homer to Ovid, through Horace, Lucretius, into English Renaissance pastoral and Milton's Comus, to Wordsworth and Frost. Echo Schematic, Hollander's third chapter, centres on schemes rather than allegories or tropes of echo - echo-verse, refrains, repeated key words, and so on - though even in such schemes, 'there is something of trope always implicit, just as one or another of the mythologies of the Nymph herselfmocking , lamenting, assenting, amplifying, and, indeed, interpreting - can always be adduced' (p 60). With Echo Metaphorical and Echo Metaleptic, we come to 'our commonly employed literary historical metaphor of allusive "echo" between texts' (p 22), in some ways the most interesting, andcertainly themostproblematic, ofall echoing. Hollander suggests a useful distinction between quotation, allusion ('part of the portable library shared by the author and his ideal audience' [p 64]), and echo (which does not depend on conscious intention or the reader's knowledge). Virgil's tenth eclogue paraphrases and alludes to Theocritus's first idyll throughout , but also punningly echoes Theocritus's terminal kGra (girl) in 'tua cura UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO QUARTERLY, VOLUME 52, NUMBER 3, SPRING 1983 0042--D247I8Y0500-0312-0314$oo.oo/o iCI UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Lycoris' ('your darling, Lycoris'). 'The sequence k6ra - eura - Lyeoris also implicitly launders all traces of the root 'wolf' from the girl's name, implying instead a poetic "etymologyU from "girl" and "dear, cared for'" (p 67). Sometimes, especially in Milton and major modern poets, an echo will itselfretrieve for us a series of echoes on which it implicitly and figuratively comments. Such an echo may be called metaieptic - or a 'taking-in-a-new-way,' 'transferring,' or 'taking-after' echo. Reading metaleptic echo is like reading Milton's epic similes: they liken 'A to Bin that xis palpably true of them both, but with no mention of WI V, and z, which are also true ofthem both., . the simile will eventually call on the reader toconsider the unmentioned W, YI Z, or whatever' (p 115). Hollander's interest in Images of Voice goes back to his '970 Churchill College lecture of that name. ('Image of voice' translates imago vocis, the Latin phrase for 'echo' - thus in Wordsworth's On the Power of Sound, with which Hollander's lecture begins.) In '972 Geoffrey Hartman connected the phrase with continental rhetorical analysis, and a lively critical debate over 'voice' has been with us ever since. Hollander, of course, is aware of all this, and he addresses such debate frequently by implication and occasionally in a suggestive aside. But his 'intuitive and...

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