Displeasure in Heaven, Pleasure in Hell: Four Franciscan Masters on the Relationship between Love and Pleasure, and Hatred and Displeasure

DISPLEASURE IN HEAVEN, PLEASURE IN HELL: FOUR FRANCISCAN MASTERS ON THE RELATIONSHIP RETWEEN LOVE AND PLEASURE, AND HATRED AND DISPLEASURE Bv SEVERIN VALENTINOV KITANOV My aim in this paper is to study the relationship between love and pleasure as understood by the Franciscan masters Peter Aureol, William of Ockham , Walter Chatton, and Adam Wodeham.1 These masters have treated 1 Peter Aureol, William of Ockham, Walter Chatton, and Adam Wodeham were contemporaries . Aureol was a French Franciscan born before 1280. He studied in Paris, taught at Bologna (1312) and Toulouse (1314), and lectured on the Sentences of Peter Lombard at Paris from 1316 to 1320. Aureol became magister regens on 13 November 1318. He died in January 1322. Aureol's major commentary on the Sentences is the Scriptum super primum Sententiarum, written before his arrival in Paris, first published in Rome in 1596 by Cardinal Torri, and reedited in part in 1953-56 by Eligius M. Buytaert. There is, however, a second commentary, which is probably a reportatio written in connection with Aureol's Parisian lectures in 1316. The project of critically editing Aureol's Reportatio Parisiensis is still ongoing. The leader of the project is Lauge Olaf Nielsen from the University of Copenhagen. For the life of Aureol as well as for a detailed examination of the redaction problem of his works, see Stephen F. Brown, "Petrus Aureoli: De unitate conceptus entis (Reportatio Parisiensis in I Sententiarum dist. 2, p. 1, qq. 1-3 et p. 2, qq. 1-2)," Traditio 50 (1995): 199-248, at 199-208. William of Ockham, Walter Chatton, and Adam Wodeham were English Franciscan friars. Ockham was born around 1287 near London. He lectured on the Sentences in the period between 1317 and 1319. The earliest version of his commentary, the reportatio, was probably not delivered at Oxford. His revised commentary on book 1, the Scriptum, was prepared at Oxford. Ockham probably left Oxford during 1321 and became a philosophy professor in London. His major philosophical works were written in London. His last theological work, the Quodlibets, was begun in 1322 in London and finished in 1325 at Avignon. Ockham's views were long examined by a commission at Avignon on suspicion of unorthodoxy, but there was no official papal condemnation of his works. After he left Avignon in 1328, Ockham joined the court of Emperor Louis of Bavaria in Munich. He spent the last years of his life writing treatises on the limits of ecclesiastical authority. He was excommunicated for his political views and died in 1347. See Rega Wood, Ockham on the Virtues (West Lafayette, Ind., 1997), 3-11. Chatton read the Sentences twice (once at Oxford) between 1318 and 1328 and became magister regens around 1330. He was one of Ockham's major opponents, and it seems that his criticism of Ockham's views was often motivated by political reasons. Chatton participated actively in the controversy over the beatific vision. He was invited by Pope John XXII to prepare a response to the position of Thomas of Waleys, O.P., at Avignon and to formulate a doctrinally accurate view of the beatific vision. Chatton composed two commentaries, a Reportatio (produced in London in 1321-23 and comprising all four books of the Sentences) and a Lectura (delivered at Oxford in 1328-30 and treating only book 1 of the Sentences up to dist. 17, q. 7). His Reportatio on book 1 appeared recently in a critical edition by Joseph C. 286traditio this relationship in their commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences, book 1, distinction 1. The standard subject matter of the first distinction of scholastic Sentences commentaries was the nature of beatific enjoyment (fruitio beatifica).2 The comparative study of these texts is important, because it Wey and Girard Etzkorn. The prologus part of Chatton's Reportatio and Lectura have already been edited and published. See Joseph C. Wey, ed., Walter Chatton: Reportatio et Lectura super Sententias: Collatio ad Librum Primum et Prologus (Toronto, 1989). For Chatton 's works and life, see William J. Courtenay, Schools and Scholars in Fourteenth-Century England (Princeton, N.J., 1987), 265-67; idem, Adam Wodeham: An Introduction to His Life and Writings (Leiden, 1978), 66...