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178 SAISREVIEW advanced technology seems superficial. For instance, he states that robot fingers are analogous to chopsticks. In contrast, he succeeds in introducing current Japanese technological developments, especially in the fields of high-definition television and superconductors. Bartholomew mainly describes the history of Japanese modernization from 1868 to 1920. His massive and detailed study reveals that Japan had developed its unique scientific tradition even before the Meiji modernization. In addition, he argues that there were many creative scientific achievements during the modernization period, when the government placed high priority on the extensive introduction of Western science and technology. Bartholomew's background in physics, Japanese language and history contributes to making his book a valuable reference for students of Japanese technological development. Although he does not theorize about the relationship between imitation and creativity in science and technology, he successfully describes the dynamic between vigorous government-led imitation and the originality on the part of several individual scientists. This dynamic is illustrated in the story of Shibasaburo Kitasato. After completing his government-sponsored study of bacteriology, which enabled him to make remarkable discoveries, Kitasato established a private research institute which often clashed with the Japanese scientific bureaucracy. It follows from this that Japan's history of technological development after World War II presents a significant topic for examination today. Yakushiji's explanation of Japanese technological development and Tatsuno's theorization of creativity are complemented by Bartholomew's careful historical study. Each ofthe three books successfully provides a unique approach to analyzing scientific and technological development in Japan that could conceivably be applied to other nations. Together, these works provide an important global perspective to the development and transfer of development. They will be particularly useful for those interested in science and technology issues in international relations. The Second Socialist Revolution. By Tatyana Zaslavskaya. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990. 241pp. $14.95/Paperback. Reviewed by Thomas Woodrow, M.A. Candidate, SAIS. The publication in 1983 of what was dubbed the "Novosibirsk Manifesto" brought Tatyana Zaslavskaya instant fame abroad and notoriety at home. Criticizing what was then the prevailing socialist wisdom, she condemned Soviet economics and social science as being woefully inadequate to explain, let alone resolve, the pressing needs of Soviet society. Well known in the Soviet Union for her efforts to "humanize" socialism, Zaslavskaya has come to occupy a prestigious position, enjoying the ear of President Gorbachev and barnstorming the international and domestic circuit like a latter-day Kollontai. With her most recent publication, The Second Socialist Revolution, which was written for Western audiences, Zaslavskaya has joined the current debate BOOK REVIEWS 179 raging over which economic and social path constitutes the correct road to socialism. Unfortunately for Zaslavskaya, who evidently believes that the Soviet experiment in socialism is still redeemable, this road may be one that leads to nowhere. Herein lies the crux of the problem with this book. Three years ago, when the ideas that formed this manuscript were put on paper, calls for a "radical restructuring of economic relations" were considered revolutionary. Today, when statues of Lenin are being toppled in the streets and the mayors of Leningrad and Moscow want to cancel the annual November 7th Revolution Day parades because "there is nothing worth celebrating", Zaslavskaya's theories seem to be strangely out of date. To her credit, she did attempt, in a postscript written before publication, to keep the reader abreast of the fast-moving political changes occurring in the Soviet Union. However, the focus of internal debate has shifted away from what model or hybrid form of socialism best offers the quickest escape from the current economic morass to whether socialism should be scrapped altogether. Against this backdrop, The Second Socialist Revolution appears to ride not on the cresting wave of change but rather in the foam. This is not to imply that her book is bad reading. The Second Socialist Revolution details Zaslavskaya's blueprint for revitalizing Soviet society. In her view, this transformation should be accomplished by shifting power from the state to the individual. Her palpable influence on the course ofperestroika alone should recommend this book to observers of contemporary Soviet political and economic affairs. Indeed, her robust attempts to renew the...

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