The "I" as Messiah in Césaire's First Cahier

Drawing upon recent work by A. James Arnold, this article offers a detailed, close comparison of the 1956 and 1939 editions of Aimé Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. It advances the argument that any biographical insight hidden within the poem about Césaire's time as a colonial student in Paris must be sought out in its earliest version. By exploring what was added to and excised from the early edition, this essay reveals a far more assertive and less self-conscious voice in the 1939 Cahier. This voice definitively positions itself above the masses as their Messiah-figure, showcases a perspective that parallels the position of the interwar emigrant intellectual, and reveals itself, in the poem's rarely analyzed conclusion, to possess an unusual reliance upon the whiteness it often derides.