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like a good many unorthodox methods of therapy, acupuncture can claim spectacular results, and as usual there is a tendency to make extravagant statements at the expense of current medical practice. It was all summed up beautifully by Aldous Huxley in his foreword to the first edition of Mann's book: "All very fine, . . . but it . . . makes no sense." Jacobus W. Mostert, M.D. Department ofAnesthesiology University of Chicago What Are We Living For? Practical Philosophy. I. The Ethics. By Chauncey D. Leake. Westbury, N.Y.: PJD Publications, 1973. Pp. 185. $6.95. Few, if any, modern thinkers are as well qualified as Chauncey D. Leake to address themselves to the task of bringing together an analytical summary of ethical thought from the dawn of recorded history to the present time. In this volume Leake has assembled what he considers to be the salient features of the recorded views of some 400 persons who have shaped ethical thought. He is unusually well equipped to bring together classical scholarship, biological science, and contemporary literary and philosophic thought about ethics in a single volume, because there is perhaps no one else living today who has had the richness of experience as Leake has had in so many serious earlier studies. Early in his life he made a new translation from the Latin of William Harvey's ground-breaking classic De Motu Cordis, which had set the stage for postRenaissance experimental biology. He has organized university courses for medical scholars in philosophy and ethics, and he has been a contributor to teaching in law schools in the area of medical jurisprudence. He has made important contributions to his primary scientific discipline—pharmacology—but his greatest service to society has probably been in his teaching and writing. Interestingly enough, one of his current activities is the preparation annually of a pioneering section labeled "Review of Reviews" in the Annual Review ofPharmacology. Leake's great interest in ethics generally can probably be traced to his concern with medical ethics. Indeed, much of the detail in the current volume focuses on that theme. He made a major contribution to contemporary medical ethics earlier when he published, with pertinent annotations, a reprint of Percival's Medical Ethics. He has written many essays dealing with the history and philosophy of medical ethics, and there is probably no person living whose grasp of the entire subject equals his. In fact, the greatest merit of the volume under review probably lies in the breadth and depth of the analysis of the ethical thought of others. His own views are explicitly stated only in the last 13 pages of the book, in the concluding note to which he says: Nothing is more certain in this uncertain world than that there is no final or universal answer to that complex question of "What are we living for?" Our moods change, and with them, our purposes, and we are so different from each other. Yet we are steadily learning more, in a verifiable way, about ourselves and the world around us. Thus our answers to the question of what we are living for increase in validity as our knowledge of ourselves grows. As a tentative approach to a generalization on what we are living for, the evidence 288 I Book Reviews suggests that it is: to be satisfied. ... As for our interpersonal relations, it seems that they are governed, however loosely, by the general principle that the probability ofsurvival of a relationship between individuals or groups of individuals increases with the extent to which the relationship is mutually satisfying. Leake has planned two additions to his Practical Philosophy: one on logic and another on aesthetics. We can look forward to further interesting and valuable rationalistic accounts of these elements of his humanist philosophy. Maurice B. Visscher University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Transplantation Antigens. Edited by Barry D. Kahan and Ralph A. Reisfeld. New York: Academic Press, 1972. Pp. 538. $29.50. Technical procedures for organ grafting were developed nearly threequarters ofa century ago. Although transplantation has been clinically successful for only two decades, Dr. Alexis Carrel was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1912 "in recognition of his work on suturing...

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