Obra completa (review)

134 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 24:1 JANUARY 1986 Arthur Burks, 1958). Older students of Peirce, such as the present reviewer, have reason to be profoundly grateful to that pioneer enterprise. No doubt in due course younger students will feel a like gratitude to the new edition, now off to an auspicious start. THOMAS A. GOUDGE University of Toronto Joaquim de Carvalho, Obra completa, ed. Jose v. de Pina Martins. Vols. 1-e (Filosofia e Hist6ria da Filosofia); vols. 3-4 (Hist6ria da Cultura). Lisbon: Fundagho Calouste Gulbenkian, 1978-1983. Pp. XXIV + 431; XX + 600; XXVII + 664; XXXI + 700. Escudos 55° + 600 + 800 + 800. Joaquim de Carvalho 0892-a958 ) is a name not so well known outside of Portugal to historians of philosophy. Except for a few short pieces written in French, all of his output is in Portuguese, a language not widely read outside of that country. Nonetheless , those scholars who have had the occasion to encounter his writings on the history of philosophy have been impressed by the learning, breadth of scope, and intelligence which inform them. Owing to the fact that Portuguese publications are not very widely distributed outside of Portugal it has always been a problem to obtain his various writings, some of which are hidden away in periodicals and memorial volumes of various sorts which are not only hard to find but also far from easy to learn about since they are seldom cited outside the relevant specialized literature. For these reasons it is most pleasing to be able to welcome a new collected edition of Carvalho's works edited by Jose V. de Pina Martins and published by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Thus far four volumes have appeared and several further ones are promised. The first two cover "Philosophy and History of Philosophy," vols. 3 and 4, "History of Culture" and those yet to appear are destined to deal with the topics "History of Science and Criticism," "Political Thought," and "Fragments and Minor Works." The volumes which we have in hand are handsomely produced and easy to use. Each is prefaced by a useful account by the editor, discussing the value of the contents of each of the volumes and the signifcance of Carvalho's contribution to each of the fields covered. The first volume is prefaced by a more personal note and gives us some insight into the character and personality of Carvalho, who was a major figure in Portuguese culture for nearly half a century. During much of this time, he worked in an unfavorable political situation which, while not suppressing his scholarly work directly, gave relatively little comfort or encouragement to his aims. In spite of this, Carvalho left behind a serious oeuvre, much of which is still fundamental , especially for understanding early modern Portuguese culture and its relations to the European intellectual world in general. A certain proportion of the writings contained here is of interest within the Portuguese context alone. Carvalho produced a number of introductions to major philosophical works for Portuguese readers. These include introductions to Plato's Phaedo, Spinoza's Ethics, Locke's Essay, Aristotle's Metaphysics, and several other major BOOK REVIEWS 135 works. Of more international interest is what he has to say on the Portuguese background of Spinoza, on Ant6nio de Gouveia, Leone Ebreo, and Francisco Sanches. In addition, he writes penetratingly on more broadly cultural topics and on the relations of figures such as Galileo, Descartes, and Lcibniz to Portuguese culture. One can hardly argue that the Portuguese component in modern European intellectual life is one of the major ones, but these essays show that it cannot be overlooked. Moreover, for a time in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century it held a position which compels interest for those who focus on that period. Besides those figures mentioned already, the Coimbra Commentators and Pedra da Fonseca must not be forgotten. The works of Carvalho read well and, in many cases, continue to be very useful. What he has to say on Francisco Sanches (155o/51-1523) is still fundamental for understanding an author who has not got his just due and on whom there is as yet no extended treatment in English...