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BOOK BEVIEWS323 graphy and index are inadequate. The author has devoted whole chapters and parts of chapters to well-known events with which Trumbull had only peripheral connection, such as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and has neglected the opportunity to explore some interesting and important problems, such as the continuity or discontinuity between TrumbuU's adherence to the states' rights, negative-government wing of the Democratic party in the 1840's, his advocacy of moderate federal interventionism during Reconstruction , and his support for the positive-government social-welfare tenets of Illinois Populism in the 1890*s. Although this biography adds to the growing number of much-needed revisionist studies of Reconstruction, it contributes only marginally to our understanding of that era, and the reader puts down the book with the feeling that he still does not really know Lyman Trumbull. James McPherson Princeton University War Within a War: The Confederacy Against Itself. By Carleton Beals. (Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1965. Pp. xi, 177. $3.95.) In 1850-1851 the advocates of secession were so roundly defeated in the southern states that many, like William Lowndes Yancey, withdrew from political life. With the renewal of the sectional struggle in 1854, the secessionists reemerged, particularly after 1856, but they continued to suffer defeat after defeat until 1860-1861. Even then in every state except South Carolina secession came only after spirited intra-state contests which served as preludes to years of civil conflict Generally outside the highland areas the degree of opposition to the Confederacy corresponded to the likelihood of southern defeat By 1863 anti-Davis, anti-war forces defeated secessionist politicians in many states, dissertion sapped the strength of southern armies, the peace movement was well under way, and state leaders other than Governors Joseph E. Brown and Zebulon Vance impeded the war effort. The influence of disaffection and states' rights on Confederate defeat have long been known, particularly since the appearance of A. B. Moore's Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924), Frank L. Owsley, Sr.'s State Rights m the Confederacy (1925), and Georgia L. Tatum's Disloyalty in the Confederacy (1934). Beals's brief, interestingly written book adds nothing to the picture and does not fulfill the hopes aroused by his splended tide. Designed as a non-scholarly work, it utilizes no manuscript materials and contains no footnotes or annotation in the select bibliography . Extensive and uncritical use is made of Parson W. G. Brownlow's Sketches of the Rise, Progress and Decline of Secession . . . Personal Adventures Among the Rebels, John H. Aughey's Tupelo, and similar personal narratives, but the Official Records and other sources are quoted indirectly. This work will undoubtedly convince the unitiated that the war in the South was a civil conflict but it lacks meticulousness, careful use of generalizations , and, in specific areas, utilization of the latest historical scholar- 324CIVIL WAB HISTOBY ship. Specifically: Mobile, Alabama, is not on the Black Warrior River; the mountain people in I860 had not resisted lowland domination "often with armed violence" for a hundred years; not all southern secession conventions had strong anti-secession minorities; many antislavery societies did not exist in the 1860 South (although Beats is correct in holding that originally the movement was strongest in the South); there is no authentication of a pro-Union secession convention in northwestern Alabama; the correct spelling is Marion not Marin County, Alabama; the counties which formed West Virginia did not pay a majority of Virginia's taxes in I860; generally Mississippi Presbyterians were not more pro-Union than their fellow religionists ; it is untrue that southern slaves refrained from wartime uprisings "because so many troops were always present"; it is doubtful that before the war most slaves "were dressed in rags" and "lived in the filthiest hovels"; as wartime cotton cultivation diminished, the average planter did not kick his slaves off the land; Bacon's Rebellion occurred in 1676 not 1675; Hugh Thomas Letter's name is not spelled Leffer. Beals's stated purpose is to remove "the veil" that has shrouded "the real Southern heroes," the pro-Union, anti-Confederate men of the seceded states. Yet he finds little to applaud in the "conspiracy," "revolution," and...

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