In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

105 PPM/CM + kusa + Stem + ga = N + kusa + pikana + ga = Ngusapikanaga = I hear TOPIC 28 Habitual/Continuous This topic has 4 different conjugations that all deal with the same theme: actions that are habitual and continuous or ongoing. Although we only briefly explore 4 types there are almost as many types of habitual tenses in Ciyawo as there are conjugations. Each conjugation can have a habitual or continuous meaning placed on it by just adding a simple suffix. The suffix that you will notice for all the sections is ga or je (just a derivative of ga where the formula ends in ‘E’ forcing a sound change: GA + E = JE). The ga suffix can be used for both positive conjugations and negative conjugations. The four conjugations we explore below are habitual/continuous present tense (+), continuous imperative tense (+), continuous near future tense (+) and habitual/ continuous past tense (+). We deal with all positive conjugations in this topic but habitual tenses can be done in the negative as well. Habitual/Continuous Present Tense (+) This tense combines the ideas of both an action that is habitual and yet ongoing or continuous. It definitely adds emphasis to the flow or meaning of the sentences and/or verb by using this tense. It is difficult to translate this into English without using a lot of qualifiers. So a rough idea would be that we are ongoing and consistent in learning our Ciyawo. Isn’t it beautiful all that can be put into one conjugation? The habitual/continuous present tense (+) is formed with the stem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, followed by kusa, followed by the stem, which is joined to ga. Habitual/Continuous Present Tense (+) These examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep in all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. TOPIC 28: HABITUAL/CONTINUOUS 106 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO Kutenda = to do Kugona = to sleep  &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT  /HVTBUFMFLBHBVHBMJ  *DPPLVHBMJ  .LVTBKBXVMBHBLV.BOHPDIJ :PVHPUP.BOHPDIJ  "LVTBDBQBHBZBLVXBMB  4IFXBTIFTUIFDMPUIFT  5VLVTBQVNVMBHBQBNCVMJMJ 8FSFTUJOUIFTIBEF  $JKVOJDJLVTBMZBHBNCFKV  5IFCJSEFBUTUIFTFFET Be aware that in parts of Mozambique this tense looks a little different. The formula is the same as above except the kusa is replaced by kuna. See formula below. In everyday speech you will hear the habitual/continuous present tense (+) without the kusa (or kuna for Lichinga area, Mozambique) and only the ‘ga’ at the end. Still other times you will hear people drop that ga and only use the kusa/kuna. These are both very common as well. There are slight nuances. Akusatendaga – kusa = akutendaga = She does something (regularly) Akusatendaga – ga = akusatenda = She is doing something (ongoing) / LVTB UFOEB HB  /HVTBUFOEBHB  *EP . LVTB UFOEB HB  .LVTBUFOEBHB  :PVEP " LVTB UFOEB HB  "LVTBUFOEBHB  4IFEPFT 5V LVTB UFOEB HB  5VLVTBUFOEBHB  8FEP 8V LVTB UFOEB HB  8VLVTBUFOEBHB  *U WJMMBHF EPFT +J LVTB UFOEB HB  +JLVTBUFOEBHB  5IFZ WJMMBHFT EP -J LVTB UFOEB HB  -JLVTBUFOEBHB  *U TOBLF EPFT (B LVTB UFOEB HB  (BLVTBUFOEBHB  5IFZ TOBLFT EP $J LVTB UFOEB HB  $JLVTBUFOEBHB  *U CJSE EPFT :J LVTB UFOEB HB  :JLVTBUFOEBHB  5IFZ CJSET EP /HVTBHPOBHB  *TMFFQ .LVTBHPOBHB  :PVTMFFQ "LVTBHPOBHB  4IFTMFFQT 5VLVTBHPOBHB  8FTMFFQ 8VLVTBHPOBHB  *U WJMMBHF TMFFQT +JLVTBHPOBHB  5IFZ WJMMBHFT TMFFQ -JLVTBHPOBHB  *U TOBLF TMFFQT (BLVTBHPOBHB  5IFZ TOBLFT TMFFQ $JLVTBHPOBHB  *U CJSE TMFFQT :JLVTBHPOBHB  5IFZ CJSET TMFFQ [18.117.183.172] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 06:45 GMT) 107 Habitual/Continuous Present Tense (+) Continuous Imperative Tense (+) This time we will combine the idea of continuous action with the imperative tense. Its use is for emphasis and/or talking about an action that you would like to see someone do until it is done. You must keep washing those dishes. Or Son, you must keep brushing those teeth if you don’t want cavities. Once again this is not a tense we use in English but the idea is conveyed in English through use of superlatives or other additional words to explain. In the less-than-perfect English equivalent, we are using must keep as a way of conveying some of this tense’s meaning. The continuous imperative tense (+) is formed with the substem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, followed by substem, joined to ‘je’. Continuous Imperative Tense (+) Note: The...

Share