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42 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO TOPIC 10 Near Future Tense (+) Welcome to a different time. Since in English we don’t have the distinction between a near future tense and a far future tense it is more difficult for us to visualize or understand the Ciyawo timeline. This tense usually deals with things that will happen within the day or the coming week. For instance in English we would say, “We will wash the dishes (soon)” or “They will do that (soon)”. We add the soon to the English sentence to add the idea that it will happen in the NEAR future versus a possibly indefinite future time. Soon will be used here as the chosen English time indicator instead of all the variants one could use in its place e.g. within the day, tonight, tomorrow and so forth. The near future tense (+) is formed with the substem. Looking at the formula we begin with the Future Marker, FM, indicated by the prefix ci, followed by a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, which is joined to the substem, which we witnessed earlier in the imperative tense (+). The substem is the stem of a verb with an ‘E’ ending instead of an ‘A’ ending. Got it? These examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep in all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. Kutenda = to do $J O UFOEF  $JOEFOEF  *XJMMEPJU TPPO $J N UFOEF  $JNUFOEF  :PVXJMMEPJU TPPO $J B UFOEF  $BUFOEF  4IFXJMMEPJU TPPO $J UV UFOEF  $JUVUFOEF  8FXJMMEPJU TPPO  FM + PPM/CM + Substem = Ci + n + pikane = Cimbikane = I will hear (soon) Near Future Tense (+) 43 $J XV UFOEF  $JXVUFOEF  *U WJMMBHF XJMMEPJU TPPO $J KJ UFOEF  $JKJUFOEF  5IFZ WJMMBHFT XJMMEPJU TPPO $J MJ UFOEF  $JMJUFOEF  *U TOBLF XJMMEPJU TPPO  $J HB UFOEF  $JHBUFOEF  5IFZ TOBLFT XJMMEPJU TPPO $J DJ UFOEF  $JDJUFOEF  *U CJSE XJMMEPJU TPPO  $J ZJ UFOEF  $JZJUFOEF  5IFZ CJSET XJMMEPJU TPPO Kugona = to sleep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slight variation that you will notice right away when using this tense is that a lot of people don’t use the Future Marker ci or ca for 1st or 2nd/3rd person conjugations. Instead they may use these forms of the Future Marker: ci = ti and ca = ta. This is believed to be a Chichewa influence, but whatever the reason, it happens. 2) In everyday speech you will find that in the 1st Person Plural conjugations most people will drop the Future Marker at the beginning and just say tutende instead of citutende. Also with a number of the Noun Classes a lot of times native Ciyawo speakers will drop the Future Marker at the beginning and just use the Class Marker i.e. yitende or wutende. TOPIC 10: NEAR FUTURE TENSE (+) ...

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