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28 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO TOPIC 5 Present Continuous Tense (+) The present continuous tense (+) form of the verb indicates that someone or something is doing an action at the present moment, and that the action is continuing on. In English we use the ending, ‘–ing’ to represent the present continuous action. For example, you are reading this book. And what a great book it is, you are saying! You are reading the book because you are learning Ciyawo. And if you keep on reading, listening and practicing Ciyawo, you will speak and understand it. A difference between Ciyawo verb tenses and English verb tenses is that in Ciyawo the person or thing doing the action is represented in the word. For example in English we say: He is listening. We use three words. In Ciyawo, however, we join all of these words together, to form Heislistening. The person or thing doing the verb is part of the word or phrase. Get the test tubes out and the bunson burner ready, as we are going to give you the formula for how to make a present continuous tense verb conjugation. The present continuous tense is formed with a stem. Looking at the formula we begin with a Personal Pronoun Marker, PPM, or Class Marker, CM, followed by a ku, which is followed by a stem. (Ku + stem is the infinitive tense.) Table # Commo Be aware of the sound change, which occurs when the ‘N’ and the ‘K’ collide! (N + K = NG) PPM/CM + ku + Stem = N + ku + pikana = Ngupikana = I am hearing Present Continuous Tense (+) 29 The following examples conjugate the verbs kutenda = to do and kugona = to sleep with all the Personal Pronoun Markers, PPM, and three examples using different Class Markers, CM, from three different noun classes. Kutenda = to do Note that in the sentences above it and they represent the Class Marker, CM, for the noun, which is doing the action. For example village or snake. These nouns are not mentioned, but their Class Markers, CM, are. Kugona = to sleep We know that you are now staring blankly at the page thinking, ‘Did I miss something back there?’ It is important to remember that the Class Markers, CM, at the beginning of the words relate to the noun classes to which the nouns belong. From this point on we are going to use the term ‘she’ to represent the 2nd & 3rd Person Singular and Plural Personal Pronouns ‘he/she/they/you’. / LV UFOEB  /HVUFOEB  *BNEPJOH . LV UFOEB  .LVUFOEB  :PVBSFEPJOH JOGPSNBM " LV UFOEB  "LVUFOEB  4IFJTEPJOH 5V LV UFOEB  5VLVUFOEB  8FBSFEPJOH 8V LV UFOEB  8VLVUFOEB  *U WJMMBHF JTEPJOH +J LV UFOEB  +JLVUFOEB  5IFZ WJMMBHFT BSFEPJOH -J LV UFOEB  -JLVUFOEB  *U TOBLF JTEPJOH (B LV UFOEB  (BLVUFOEB  5IFZ TOBLFT BSFEPJOH $J LV UFOEB  $JLVUFOEB  *U CJSE JTEPJOH :J LV UFOEB  :JLVUFOEB  5IFZ CJSET BSFEPJOH /HVHPOB  *BNTMFFQJOH .LVHPOB  :PVBSFTMFFQJOH JOGPSNBM "LVHPOB  4IFJTTMFFQJOH 5VLVHPOB  8FBSFTMFFQJOH 8VLVHPOB  *U WJMMBHF JTTMFFQJOH +JLVHPOB  5IFZ WJMMBHFT BSFTMFFQJOH -JLVHPOB  *U TOBLF JTTMFFQJOH (BLVHPOB  5IFZ TOBLFT BSFTMFFQJOH $JLVHPOB  *U CJSE JTTMFFQJOH :JLVHPOB  5IFZ CJSET BSFTMFFQJOH TOPIC 5: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (+) [18.216.190.167] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 06:10 GMT) 30 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING CIYAWO  &YBNQMF4FOUFODFT  /HVUFMFLBVHBMJ   *BNDPPLJOHVHBMJ  .LXBXVMBLV.BOHPDIJ  :PVBSFHPJOHUP.BOHPDIJ  "LVDBQBZBLVXBMB  4IFJTXBTIJOHUIFDMPUIFT  5VLVQVNVMBQBNCVMJMJ  8FBSFSFTUJOHJOUIFTIBEF  $JKVOJDJLVMZBNCFKV  5IFCJSEJTFBUJOHUIFTFFET ...

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