Pan-Africanism or Pragmatism: Lessons of the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union

TABLE OF CONTENTS

v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements ix Preface xi Introduction xiii Chapter One 1 Race, Class and Politics on the Eve of the Revolution 1 Zama za Siasa 1 Glimpses of state and class formation 5 Historical antecedents 5 The state and the ruling class 8 The ethnic cleavage 10 Classes 13 The regional cleavage 17 The rise of nationalisms 18 The argument 18 A decade of party politics 20 Summing up 33 Class struggles and ethnic ideologies 33 The limits of nationalisms 39 Chapter Two 41 The Revolution 41 The insurrection 41 On the eve of the insurrection 42 The government camp 46 The ‘rebel’ camp 51 The international camp 55 The 100-day revolution 57 The character of the revolution 62 Babu: a social(ist) revolution? 63 Nyerere: a nationalist revolution? 66 What was ‘Zanzibar Revolution’? 68 Chapter Three 69 The Union 69 The context: East African unity 69 The push: imperialist pressures 72 The result: a pragmatic union 76 Signing of the articles of union 76 Ratification of the articles of union 82 The interim framework of the union 94 Summing up: the Union’s shaky foundations 97 Chapter Four 101 Nyerere’s Interim Constitution and Karume’s Extra-Constitutionality 101 The aftermath of the Union 101 The rise of an autocrat 106 The party-state 107 The dismantling of the judiciary 110 Eliminating opponents 112 Economic populism 117 The State of the Union 120 The assassination of Karume 120 The second interim constitution 124 Financial autonomy and control 129 Zanzibar, Tanzania and the currency board 130 Bank of Tanzania and the People’s Bank of Zanzibar 133 Chapter Five 143 Nyerere’s Vision and Jumbe’s Consolidation: The Birth of a Permanent Constitution (1972–1977) 143 Jumbe consolidates power 143 Reforming the ASP structure 145 vi Table of Contents Jumbe’s ‘educated elite’ 149 Judicial reforms 150 The merger of the parties 152 The making of the permanent Union Constitution 163 Main features of the 1977 Constitution 170 The nomenclature 170 Single-party supremacy 171 The Union Parliament 172 The Government of Zanzibar 177 The Special Constitutional Court 179 Conclusion 180 Chapter Six 181 Constitutional Opening and Closure: Jumbe’s Downfall (1979–1985) 181 Constitutional foundation 181 Restructuring the government 183 Revolutionary committees 183 The judiciary 185 The ‘military’ 186 The 1979 Zanzibar Constitution 186 The making of the Constitution 187 The downfall of Aboud Jumbe 201 The crisis years (1981–1985) 201 The crisis of the Union (1983–1984) 205 The 1984 Constitution 225 The aftermath of ‘pollution’ 225 Salient features of the 1984 Constitution 227 Conclusion: a preview of the next 20 years 230 Conclusion 235 Lessons for Pan-Africanism 235 The Pan-African project 235 Imperialism and the formation of the Union 241 Contradictions of nationalisms 244 Constitutionalism and democracy 247 vii Table of Contents Appendix 255 Appendix 1: Legislative Power Law 255 Appendix 2(i): Constitutional Law Decree No. 5 258 Appendix 2(ii): Decree indefinitely postponing Constituent Assembly 260 Appendix 3: Articles of Union 261 Appendix 4: Ratification Law passed by Tanganyika Parliament 265 Appendix 5: Ratification Law purportedly passed by Zanzibar Legislature 274 Appendix 6: Union law postponing the summoning of the Constituent Assembly 283 Bibliography 285 Index 299 viii Table of Contents ...