Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java

Title Page, Copyright, Dedication

Download PDF (583.4 KB)
 

Contents

Download PDF (125.6 KB)
 

List of Tables

Download PDF (93.7 KB)
pp. x-xi

List of Maps

Download PDF (57.2 KB)
pp. xii-

List of Illustrations

Download PDF (95.8 KB)
pp. xiii-xiv

List of Abbreviations

Download PDF (114.8 KB)
pp. xv-xvii

Preface

Download PDF (108.0 KB)
pp. xviii-xix

This is the final volume in a series concerning the history of the Islamisation of the Javanese people. Beliefs — or disbeliefs — about the supernatural are important in any society, so this series seeks to address questions that are not about the Javanese alone. The first of these books was...

Transcription and Orthography

Download PDF (159.7 KB)
pp. xx-xxi

In the period covered in this book, the writing of Javanese in its own script died out and was almost completely replaced by a romanised form which does not distinguish between different sounds for e (as Javanese script did). Because of this and in order to be consistent throughout this...

PART I. THE TROUBLED PATH TO DEEPER ISLAMISATION, TO C. 1998

Download PDF (93.4 KB)
pp. 1-

1. Islamisation in Java to c. 1930

Download PDF (633.2 KB)
pp. 3-20

The Javanese developed a sophisticated literary and religious culture and were governed by sophisticated elites long before Islam made its first recorded appearance in Javanese society in the 14th century. This earlier civilisation was inspired by Hindu and Buddhist ideas and left behind legacies of...

2. Under colonial rule: Javanese society and Islam in the 1930s

Download PDF (1.7 MB)
pp. 21-58

It is rare for significant redirections in history to be associated with a particular year, not just as a convenient metaphor of historians, but as something that was actually visible in events. It is even more unusual for two such turning-point years to occur neatly one hundred years apart. Yet so...

3. War and Revolution, 1942–9: The hardening of boundaries

Download PDF (652.9 KB)
pp. 59-79

Sandwiched between the 1930s and 1950s lies the chaos of the Japanese occupation and the Indonesian Revolution. This was a time of intense upheaval and hardship, of political and social conflict that was immensely influential in shaping the future social, cultural, political and...

4. The first freedom experiment: Aliran politics and Communist opposition to Islamisation, 1950–66

Download PDF (941.1 KB)
pp. 80-115

The period of liberal democracy and the subsequent ‘Guided Democracy’ period (from the late 1950s to 1965) were characterised by what is known as aliran politics. The term aliran is found in both Javanese and Indonesian in closely related meanings. In Javanese it means a channel for diverting...

5. The totalitarian experiment (I): Kebatinan, Christian and government competition and the end of aliran politics, 1966–80s

Download PDF (2.5 MB)
pp. 116-203

The political regime that developed in the second half of the 1960s was dubbed the ‘New Order’ by its leader, General Soeharto. It aspired to totalitarian control through condominium by a dominant military — above all the army — and a collaborating civilian bureaucracy, which...

6. The totalitarian experiment (II): Grass-roots Islamisation and advancing Islamism, c. 1980s–98

Download PDF (1.3 MB)
pp. 204-256

The break between the preceding chapter and this one is rather artificial, as often with historical periodisations, and the years covered overlap. The aim of this chapter is to show how, from roots that we have seen in the preceding chapter, in the last 20 years or so of the New Order four major departures...

PART II. COMING TO FRUITION, c. 1998 to the present

Download PDF (96.1 KB)
pp. 257-

7. The political and social settings

Download PDF (592.0 KB)
pp. 259-273

In the following seven chapters, we will observe a major transformation in the social, political, religious and cultural dynamics of Java, and hence of Indonesia. This history is, like all histories, plagued by imperfect and contradictory evidence and multiple, often confusing, directions of events...

8. An Islamising society

Download PDF (1.5 MB)
pp. 274-317

Quite unlike Javanese life in the 1930s to mid-1960s, in the post-Soeharto era, from politics to government to culture to social practices to literature to academic life, Islam is prominent. Forty years ago an academic seminar began with the presenter saying selamat pagi or selamat sore (good morning...

9. Efforts to impose conformity of Islamic belief

Download PDF (907.4 KB)
pp. 318-340

Javanese society has historically hosted a wide variety of ideas about the supernatural, and at certain times pious reformers sought to eliminate local idiosyncrasies. The first major wave of reform in modern times began in the mid-19th century and contributed to the polarisation of...

10. Large-scale Modernist and Traditionalist movements on the defensive

Download PDF (1.2 MB)
pp. 341-370

While there are many individuals and agencies involved in the deepening influence of Islam in Javanese society, the largest players are unquestionably Muhammadiyah and NU. The precise numbers of their followers c. 2011 are not known, but it is conventional to say that NU has some...

11. Older cultural styles on the defensive

Download PDF (1.7 MB)
pp. 371-407

Javanese society has a long history of people believing in a vast array of spirits, both benign and malign, who demand respect, awe and propitiation. One of the works of older Javanese literature is the Kidung rumeksa ing wengi (the song keeping guard at night), a mantra sometimes ascribed...

12. The protagonists and new totalitarians: Smaller Islamist and Dakwahist movements

Download PDF (1.3 MB)
pp. 408-445

We began the preceding chapter concerning the large-scale movements Muhammadiyah and NU — those usually described as ‘moderate’ — by citing the caveat that the label ‘moderate’ is of limited analytical value. In this chapter we will have less terminological difficulty, for we are turning...

13. The remaining opposition: Seeking a neutral public space

Download PDF (427.4 KB)
pp. 446-457

There is now no significant opposition to the deeper Islamisation of Javanese society. There is only difference of opinion about what shape Islamic life should take, the extent to which variety and pluralism within Islam are acceptable or desirable, how Islamic society should relate to the significant...

PART III. THE SIGNIFICANCE

Download PDF (92.5 KB)
pp. 459-

14. The Islamisation of the Javanese in three contexts

Download PDF (1.1 MB)
pp. 461-499

This book and its two predecessors (Mystic synthesis in Java and Polarising Javanese society) have chronicled a story of profound political, social, cultural and religious change in Javanese society. Chapter 1 above briefly retold the story to 1930, and in subsequent chapters of this volume we have followed...

Appendix: Research methodology and case studies

Download PDF (240.6 KB)
pp. 500-507

Glossary

Download PDF (185.7 KB)
pp. 508-513

Key analytical terms

Download PDF (126.7 KB)
pp. 514-516

Acknowledgments

Download PDF (131.2 KB)
pp. 517-519

The work on this book began 40 years ago, before I planned to write such a book at all. I had not even finished my doctorate when I was invited by the late Prof. Nehemia Levtzion to give a conference paper at London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS, where I was then...

Bibliography

Download PDF (847.2 KB)
pp. 520-548

Maps

Download PDF (270.9 KB)
pp. 549-551

Index

Download PDF (664.8 KB)
pp. 552-576