Notes
Notes Chapter 1 1. Information provided by Wipas Wimonsate, Medical Research Technologist/MSM Community Associate, Thailand Ministry of Public Health — United States Centers for Disease Control (MoPH — US CDC) Collaboration. 2. Or. Tor. Kor. is the Thai acronym for Ongkan Talat pheua Kasettakorn, the Marketing Agency for Agricultural Workers, a government agency whose office building is near this locale. 3. Source: National Economic and Social Development Board. Cited in the Bangkok Post, “Price pressure on rise, says NESDB”, 27 May 2008, p. B1. 4. Chang Noi (a pseudonym), “Thailand’s huge rich-poor divide”, The Nation, 18 August 2003, p. 5A. 5. amfAR (Foundation for AIDS Research) MSM Initiative, “As AIDS conference opens, amfAR releases report exposing global failure to address HIV among MSM”, media.amfar. org (accessed 5 August 2008). Chapter 2 1. At that time the subject of transvestite Muay Thai boxers was not at the centre of my research, and the data here are largely from my field notes, in which I recorded my discussions with Thais about the phenomenon and their perceptions of it from local media coverage. Unfortunately, I have not had the opportunity to conduct a detailed analysis of local press and media accounts of the phenomenon of Thai kathoey kickboxers. 2. Norng Tum was, for example, invited in July 1999 to be a guest on a variety show on an Argentine television channel. Furthermore, he has been the subject of several articles in the foreign press, such as The New York Times, 4 April 1998, “Bangkok journal; Was that a lady I saw you boxing?” www.nytimes.com (accessed 10 December 2009); National Geographic, 25 March 2004, “Thai ‘Ladyboy’ kickboxer is gender-bending knockout”, http://news. nationalgeographic.com (accessed 10 December 2009). 3. Bangkok Post, 17 February 2004, “Ruthless transvestite Apinya to debut against US boxer”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 29 February 2004, “Apinya kicks into top gear”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); The Nation, 18 February 2004, “Another kratoey steps into the ring”, http:// www.nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009); The Nation, 25 February 2004, “Transvestite fighter a winner”, http://www.nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009); The Nation, 9 June 2004, “No handbags allowed”, http://www.nationmultimedia. com (accessed 8 December 2009). 4. The Nation, 26 February 1998, http://www.nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 25 February 1998, “Transvestite slugger snatches manly points win at Lumpini”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 1 March 1998, “Transvestite slugger dispels all doubt of his ‘manhood’”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 18 March 1998, “Parinya’s fight delayed for a week”, www. bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 29 March 1998, “Parinya too good for Danish challenger”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009). 5. Bangkok Post, 3 March 1999, “Boxer prepares for new title challenge”, www.bangkokpost. com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 5 March 1999, “Is all change for better?” www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009); Bangkok Post, 9 December 1999, “Boxer’s operation”, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009). 6. The Nation, 22 February 2006, “Nong Tum to have another go in the ring”, www. nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009); 23 February 2006, “Sex-change boxer back in the ring”, www.nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009). 7. The roundhouse kick is renowned to be the most devastating kick technique among the various martial arts. It is a chin blow that necessitates a rotation of the entire upper body. The movement is initiated by the shoulders (as in a rugby pass) and takes in successively the hips and then the leg, such that the kick will be delivered with maximum speed and power. 8. The Nation, 18 February 2004, “Another kratoey steps into the ring”, http://www. nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009). 9. The Nation, 26 February 1998, http://www.nationmultimedia.com (accessed 8 December 2009); “Transvestite slugger snatches manly points win at Lumpini”, Bangkok Post, 25 February 1998, www.bangkokpost.com (accessed 8 December 2009). Chapter 3 1. Thai New Wave Cinema is an unofficial label denoting movies produced since the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Dominated by advertising-based directors such as Nonzee Nimibutr and Pen-ek Ratanaruang, the strong visual style of these movies brought Thai audiences back into that nation’s cinemas after a period of relative decline for Thai cinema. 2. Tomboys are masculine-dressing homosexual women, whereas their feminine counterparts...
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