Introduction 1 Since Chinese Box Gong Li has starred in the following English-language films: Memoirs of a Geisha, Miami Vice, and Hannibal Rising. 2 On the relationship between Chinese modernity, men, and masculinity, see Louie, Theorising Chinese Masculinity, and Zhong, Masculinity Besieged. On Asian masculinities more generally, see Louie and Low, eds., Asian Masculinities; Eng, Racial Castration; and Stecopoulos and Uebel, eds., Race and the Subject of Masculinities. 3 Friedman, Cultural Identity and Global Process, p. 7. 4 Thomas, Colonialism’s Culture, p. 171. 5 Thomas, Colonialism’s Culture, p. 173. 6 Thomas, Colonialism’s Culture, p. 173. 7 Stewart, On Longing, xii. 8 Chow, Primitive Passions, p. 23. 9 Chow, Primitive Passions, p. 171. 10 Bongie, Exotic Memories, p. 4. 11 Lowe, Critical Terrains, p. 2. 12 Huggan, Post-Colonial Exotic, p. 14. 13 Said, Orientalism, p. 166. 14 Ang and Stratton, “Straddling East and West: Singapore’s Paradoxical Search for a National Identity”, in Perera, ed., Asia and Pacific Inscriptions, p. 189; original emphasis. 15 Said, Culture and Imperialism; Amin, Eurocentrism; Clifford, The Predicament of Culture; Young, White Mythologies; and Lowe, Critical Terrains. 1 Notes 16 Lowe, Critical Terrains, p. 20. 17 Waters, Globalization, p. 219. 18 Clifford, The Predicament of Culture, pp. 13–4. 19 Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference”, p. 7. 20 Hutcheon, Poetics of Postmodernism, p. 67. 21 Hong Kingston, China Men, p. 18. 22 Hutcheon, Poetics of Postmodernism, p. 41. 23 Ong and Nonini, Ungrounded Empires, p. 19. 24 Spivak, “Diasporas Old and New”, p. 246. 25 Gelder, Reading the Vampire, p. 123; 124. 26 Huggan, Postcolonial Exotic, p. 77. 27 See also Huggan, “Prizing Otherness” and “The Postcolonial Exotic” for further expositions of the concept of the “postcolonial exotic”. In each of these articles, Huggan makes no specific comments on gender or sexuality. His comments are also generally confined to diasporic Indian (South Asian) literary texts. 28 Huggan, Postcolonial Exotic, p. 20; original emphasis. 29 Ong, Flexible Citizenship, p. 35. 30 Ong, Flexible Citizenship, p. 36. 31 See for example Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Gilroy, Black Atlantic. 32 Gaonkar, Alternative Modernities, p. 17. 33 Ong, “Chinese Modernities”, in Ong and Nonini, Ungrounded Empires, p. 194. 34 Lee, “Across Trans-Chinese Landscapes”, in Gao, ed., Inside Out, p. 41. 35 For alternative discussions of mainland modernity see Yeh, ed., Becoming Chinese; Chow, Woman and Chinese Modernity; Barlow, Formations of Colonial Modernity; Liu, Translingual Practice; Zhang, Chinese Modernism in the Era of Reforms; and Yang, ed. Spaces of their Own. In my survey of the various ways of conceptualising Chinese modernity, I am concerned only with those scholars writing and publishing in English, either in diasporas in Asia or in the West. The intellectual work produced in the diaspora on the diaspora is essential to my project. 36 Yang, ed., Spaces of their Own, p. 2. 37 Yang, ed., Spaces of their Own, p. 3. 38 Yang, ed., Spaces of their Own, p. 8. 39 Yang, ed., Spaces of their Own, p. 9. 40 Chow, “Introduction: On Chineseness”; Ang, “On Not Speaking Chinese”. 41 Tu, The Living Tree. 42 Tu, The Living Tree, x; original emphasis. 43 Ong and Nonini, Ungrounded Empires, p. 12. 44 Anthias, “Evaluating ‘Diaspora’”, p. 558. See also Hall, “Minimal Selves”, in Rutherford, ed., Identity, p. 23. 45 Tölölyan, “The Nation-State and Its Others”, p. 3. 46 Anthias, “Evaluating ‘Diaspora’”, p. 558. 47 Mishra, “The Diasporic Imaginary”, p. 422. See also Safran, “Diasporas in 174 Notes for pp. 8–15 [44.197.251.102] Project MUSE (2024-03-19 04:13 GMT) Modern Societies”; Spivak, “Diasporas Old and New”; and Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, in Rutherford, ed., Identity, on the distinction between ‘new’ and ‘old’ diasporas. 48 In terms of the actual movement of Chinese overseas, there are several books dedicated to the specifics of population flows. The greatest movement of Chinese overseas occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century, with some two million mainlanders moving to the Malay Peninsula, Indochina, the Philippines, California and Australia between 1848 and 1888 due to the European presence in the East (Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, p. 42). Many who left China, often as traders, were still politically aligned to China and considered themselves huaqiao or ‘sojourners’. As huaqiao, or overseas Chinese, a person is still regarded as a Chinese national (Wang, Chinese Overseas, p. 79). The Chinese in Southeast Asia, however, now generally refer to themselves as huaren (ethnic Chinese) rather than as huaqiao so as...