Professional Communication: Collaboration between Academics and Practitioners

Notes

Notes Chapter 2 1. The choice of joined rather than hyphenated terms throughout is motivated by stylistic consistency. 2. These are only some of the issues discussed at www.interdisciplines.org/. 3. I am indebted to Sandra Harris for this cautionary note on the challenges of attempting true cross-disciplinary research. 4. A process ontology can strongly inhibit empirical research since, if the individual is no longer the focus of analysis, the researcher is trapped in the dilemma of interpreting the incommensurable context that I discuss earlier. 5. Roberts and Sarangi (1999) also propose that research paradigms should be jointly negotiated between researchers and the ‘researched’. Chapter 4 1. Sources are from the US Department of Education: http://www.ed.gov/about/overview/ budget/index.html?src=gu. Chapter 5 1. One of the most popular tests of general Japanese linguistic proficiency levels administered by Japan Educational Exchange and Services (in Japan) and Japan Foundation (outside Japan). There are four levels, Grade 1 being the most advanced. 2. JETRO (Japan External Trade Organisation) Japanese language proficiency test is more oriented towards assessing skills in business communication. It is supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, financial circles, and other organizations. 3. Joseigo refers to ‘women’s language’. 212 Notes to pp. 95–164 Chapter 6 1. Grammatical abbreviations used in the present study are as follows: AC-accusative particle; AH-addressee honorific; DC-declarative sentence-type suffix; HON-subject honorific suffix; IM-imperative sentence-type suffix; IN-indicative mood suffix; INTintimate speech level or suffi; NM-nominative case particle; NOM-nominalizer suffix; POL-polite speech level, suffix, or particle; PRS-Prospective modal suffix; PST-past tense and perfect aspect suffix; Q-question marker; RL-relativizer suffix; SUPsuppositive mood suffix; TOP-topic-contrast particle. Chapter 8 1. The following notations are used in this chapter: Symbol Meaning (C, xx) Canadian report — Renewal of Public Health in Canada (HK, xx) Hong Kong report — SARS in Hong Kong: From Experience to Action xx Page number in the report Italicized quotes The key wording of textual evidence quoted from the reports Chapter 9 1. According to Halliday (1994), congruent often contrasts with metaphorical or incongruent concerning meaning expression, and it can be glossed as closer to the state of affairs in the external world. In other words, congruent realization or congruency is the typical or default form, whereas incongruent or metaphorical realization is atypical. Comparatively speaking, a large number of tourists is congruent and a flood of tourists is incongruent or metaphorical. Congruently, question is realized by interrogative mood, command by imperative mood, and statement by declarative mood. 2. Questions can also be incongruently realized by modulated declaratives with rising tone, for example, You did it already? 3. It has to be pointed out that there are occasional cases of evading or prevaricating by defendants or witnesses in courtroom cross-examination, by suspects in police interrogation and by interviewees in news interview. On such occasions, power between the two parties is negotiated and shifts in the course of the interaction. 4. Sometimes questions go unanswered due to the addressee’s unwillingness to respond, or the addressee using body language like nodding or shaking the head to respond. 5. Question is congruently realized by interrogative mood, command by imperative mood, statement by declarative and offer by modulated interrogative mood. 6. Generally speaking, questions act as an initiating speech function on most occasions. Sometimes a question can be used to respond to a question. For example, George: Did you want an ice lolly or not? Zee: What kind have they got? George: How about orange? Zee: Don’t they have Bazookas? George: Well here’s twenty pence + you ask him. (Brown and Yule 1983, 230) Notes to pp. 165–197 213 7. Reciprocity in talk and conversation, according to Luckmann (1990, 47), refers to ‘the systemic interdependence of behavior in which one organism’s action is a response to the action of another, and vice versa. This continuous alternation of feedback from one organism to another presupposes that the ability of an individual organism to observe (and to interpret consciously or automatically) the behavior of other individuals is imputed by that individual to others, and that, in consequence, its own behavior is adjusted to anticipated observation (and interpretation) by them.’ Martin (1992, 528) explains reciprocity in a much clearer way; that is, ‘a number of choices have to be examined from the perspective of...