e-Learning Initiatives in China: Pedagogy, Policy and Culture

Notes

Notes CHAPTER 1 1. ঞᇣև࠲ᇀᆇ݀Ė࠲ᇀेഽߛ‫ڪ‬ბၯԨ੔ঞბ߾ፕ༵ߛঞბዊଉ‫ڦ‬ැ߅ᅪ९ė‫ڦ‬ཚኪ [Notification from the MoE: A few points re strengthening the teaching of university undergraduates, and raising the quality of teaching]. Available in Chinese at http://www.pgzx. edu.cn/upload/files/zxwd/jg20014.pdf [Accessed 7 August 2006]. For a brief description in English, see Zhou 2006: 96. 2. For a description in English of the scheme, see http://www.core.org.cn/en/resourses_project/ chinaocw.htm, and for a list of courses developed so far, see http://www.core.org.cn/cn/jpkc/ index_en.html [Both accessed 8 August 2006] CHAPTER 2 1. 1 RMB = 0.125447 USD in August 2006. 2. Altogether 26: Tsinghua University, Peking University, Renmin University, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Post and Communications University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Foreign Studies University, North Eastern University, North East Agriculture University, Tianjin University, Shandong University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Tongji University, South East University, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhejiang University, Wuxi Light Industry University, Sichuan University, Xian Jiaotong University, and CUBT. 3. Altogether 5: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Communication University of China, Beijing Language and Culture University, Hua Zhong Normal University, and Lanzhou University. 4. Zhejiang University, Bejing University of Aerospace and Astronomy (BUAA), Northeast Finance University, Xian Jiaotong University, Beijing Jiaotong University etc. 5. School-to-school communication through the Internet. 6. For more information (in Chinese), see http://www.wljy.cn/cms/ [accessed 8 August 2006]. 7. For more information, see http://www.chinaedu.net/english/ (in English) or http://www.prcedu. com/ (in Chinese). CHAPTER 3 1. This study is part of the key project (02JAZJD740004) funded by the Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China. 2. I have drawn a sharp distinction between e-learning and e-education, or between online learning and online education (between ྪฉბသ and ྪஏঞᇣ). I regard learning as the learner’s behaviour, whereas education is a social/political system that enables learners to learn. In China, the two are treated indiscriminately both in conception and in practice. This is a fallacious act. 3. 1 RMB = 0.125447 USD in August 2006. 4. The term environment is used as a technical term, as defined by Gibson (1986: 7), referring to “the surroundings of those organisms that perceive and behave”. To Gibson, “the words animal and environment make an inseparable pair. Each term implies the other. No animal could exist without an environment surrounding it. Equally, although not so obvious, an environment implies an animal ... to be surrounded” (Gibson 1986: 8). CHAPTER 4 1. The MoE’s aim is that: • by the end of 2007, 70 percent of all primary school teachers should have a three-year diploma or a bachelor’s degree, and that by 2010 all primary school teachers should have at least a diploma; • by the end of 2007, 50 percent of all junior high school teachers should have a bachelor’s degree and by 2010 all junior high school teachers should have at least a bachelor degree; • by 2010 a certain [unspecified] proportion of senior high middle school teachers should have a master’s degree. (See [in Chinese] http://www.cutech.edu.cn/%5Cjiaoyuxinxihua%5C000014.asp and http://www.cau.edu.cn/jwc/wenjian/006.htm; both last accessed 11 December 2006.) 2. The core UoN team comprised: Dr Carol Hall (project director), Dr Gordon Joyes (project manager), Dr Ian McGrath (academic director, UoN-BFSU), Dr Barbara Sinclair (academic director, UoN-BNU), Dr Kevin Caley (learning technologist), Mr Quang Luong (flash designer). In keeping with the collaborative nature of the project, the new curriculum materials illustrated here were scripted by Dr McGrath and Ms Zehang Chen (BNU); those on grammar were designed by Ms Ann Smith (CELE, UoN) and Dr Barbara Sinclair (UoN). 3. Although registration was limited to teachers with regular access to online facilities, use was also made of print materials and CDs, and online coursework was complemented by face-toface tutorial meetings at a local learning support centre. 4. A fuller description of this series of activities can be found in McGrath (2006). CHAPTER 6 1. For more information on CULP, the Cambridge University Language Programme, see http:// www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/develop/res_dev.php?c=2 and http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/develop/ res_dev.php?c=14 [both accessed 8 August 2006]. 252 Notes to pages 37–95 2. Learning Management System (or LMS) is a software package that enables...