A Century of Travels in China: Critical Essays on Travel Writing from the 1840s to the 1940s

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Archibald John Little, Mount Omi and Beyond (London: Heinemann, 1901), 103. 2. W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, Journey to a War [1939], rev. ed. (London: Faber, 1973), 8. 3. Peter Fleming, One’s Company: A Journey to China (London: Cape, 1934), i. 4. E. G. Kemp, The Face of China (London: Chatto and Windus, 1909), vii. 5. Bertrand Russell, The Problem of China (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1922), 17. 6. Ibid., 74–5. 7. See Colin Mackerras, Western Images of China (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989). 8. Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 1999), 117. 9. George Earl Macartney, An Embassy to China: Lord Macartney’s Journal 1793–1794, ed. J. L. Cranmer-Byng (London: Longmans, 1962), 238. Macartney died in 1806 and the last Manchu emperor abdicated in 1912. 10. At the time of the Japanese surrender in 1946 there were 1.25 million Japanese troops in China and a further 900,000 in Manchuria, and over 1.75 million Japanese civilians in the country. See Spence, 460. 11. Michel Butor, “Travel and Writing,” Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of Travel, ed. Michael Kowalewski (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 60. 12. Helen Carr, “Modernism and travel (1880–1940),” in The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 70–86; quotation 73. 13. Evelyn Waugh, “Preface” in When the Going was Good (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1947), ix–xii; quotation xi. 14. See James Duncan and Derek Gregory, “Introduction,” in Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing, eds. James Duncan and Derek Gregory (London: Routledge, 1999), 1–13. 15. Michael Kowalewski, “Introduction: The Modern Literature of Travel,” in Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of Travel, ed. Michael Kowalewski (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 1–16; quotation 8. See also Peter Hulme, “Travel writing has four near neighbours, in generic terms: the novel (literature), ethnography (anthropology), the document (history), and reportage (sociology).” Peter Hulme, “Introduction,” in Studies in Travel Writing 1 (1997): 1–8; quotation 5. Peter Bishop, too, points to the hybrid nature of the travel genre, which is regularly “conceived to be either a poor cousin of scientific observation, or else to fall short of the creativeness of ‘pure’ fiction.” Peter Bishop, The Myth of Shangri-La: Tibet, Travel Writing and the Western Creation of Sacred Landscape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 3. 16. Mary Baine Campbell, “Travel Writing and Its Theory,” in The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 261–78; quotation 265. 17. See, for this paragraph, Campbell, 266 and 263. Campbell also gives examples of these formal approaches to travel literature. 18. See Campbell, 271–3, who names James Clifford, George Marcus and Clifford Geertz (with his concept of “thick description”) as major influences from anthropology. Campbell also shows how models of otherness, beginning with Frantz Fanon’s psychology of alterity and ending with Jacques Lacan’s model of object relations, have been taken up by postcolonial critics like Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha, who feature prominently in travel writing theory. 19. Campbell, 262. See the following critical studies, which show this shift in emphasis to the postmodern paradigm: Caren Kaplan, Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourse of Displacement (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996) and Alison Russell, Crossing Boundaries: Postmodern Travel Literature (New York: Palgrave, 2000). See also Kristi Siegel’s “Introduction: Travel Writing and Travel Theory” for an overview of recent developments in travel writing studies, in Issues in Travel Writing: Empire, Spectacle, and Displacement, ed. Kristi Siegel (New York: Peter Lang, 2002), 1–9. 20. Duncan and Gregory, 3. 21. Duncan and Gregory, 3. 22. Michael Hanne, “Introduction,” in Literature and Travel, ed. Michael Hanne, Rodopi Perspectives on Modern Literature Series 11 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), 3–7, quotation 5, emphasis added. 23. See Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, “Introduction,” in The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1–13; 6. See also Zweder Von Martels, “Introduction: The Eye and the Mind’s Eye,” in Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery and Observation in Travel Writing, ed. Zweder Von Martels (Leiden: Brill, 1994), xi–xviii, particularly xvii. 24. Campbell, 261. 25. Paul Fussell, Abroad (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 219–20. CHAPTER 1 1. John Francis Davis, Sketches...