Buying Beauty: Cosmetic Surgery in China

Index

advertisements for cosmetic surgery 133–6 agency 68 “agency within” 205–7 women as 68, 141 See also Kathy Davis Ai Fumei 161–2 Ai, Mini 157 All-China Women’s Federation 64 American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (AACS) 4, 78 American Bureau for Medical Advancement in China 28 American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 170 Angels Love Beauty 20, 133, 179 Annual Report of China’s Beauty Economy, first 151–2 Anti-Rightist Movement 36–7 Appadurai, Arjun 212 artificial beauty 2, 51–72, 208, 210 defined 5 first 16, 21, 51–72, 85 See also Miss Artificial Beauty Pageant artificial handsome man 57 See also Zhang Yinghua Asian economic crisis 84 autonomy of cosmetic surgery clients 65, 69–72 Ba Shusong 151 Bao Huai 53–4, 56 Barbie doll 22 Chinese 173–4 ethnic 173 as fashion icon 174–5 first flagship store 175–6, 184 sales in China 167, 177, 184 sameness of 174 unhealthy shape 172–3 as Western beauty ideal 170–7 Baudrillard, Jean 129, 136 beauty Anglo-American ideals of 9 diplomacy 156–9 hyperreal 136 imperative 137, 140 myth 7, 67–8, 207 parlors 19, 46–7, 113–4 politics 11, 156–7 symbolic meanings of 7 See also global standard beauty; robust beauty beauty capital cosmetic surgery as 72, 75–98, 121, 206 See also employment policy transition ; job recruitment; university enrollment growth Beauty Dreamworks Project 53–5 Index 244 Index See also EverCare Cosmetic Surgery Hospital; Hao Lulu beauty economy 7–8, 147–64 beauty ideal changes in China 167–70 fantasy fulfillment 67 hyperreal 136 impact of capitalism 9 impact of Korean Wave 183–4 inner virtue vs outer beauty 64–6, 114 media promotion of 125–30 superficial nature 66 Western 9, 22, 170–7, 202 See also ideal woman beauty industry 112–20, 142, 151, 210 employment statistics 152 exploitation of women 145 men and 153–6 state control of 9–10, 147 Beauty magazine 20, 134 beauty pageants in China 5, 10, 157–9 See also Miss Artificial Beauty Pageant; Miss International Beauty Pageant; Miss World Pageant beauty services everyday beauty services 46–7 medical aesthetic services 46–7 Beckham, David 153 Beijing Ethnic Cultural Palace 43 Beijing Huangsi Aesthetic Surgery Hospital 41, 48 Beijing Xishan Plastic Surgery Hospital 42, 50 Belk, Russell 32–3 Belkin, Lisa 177 Blair, Dr. 28 bodily autonomy 69–70 body anxiety 121, 146 commodification of 8, 13, 125, 137–46 control by state 7–8, 12–3, 147, 207–8 culture 12 docile 140 maintenance 140–2 as nationalist signifier 16 as personal asset 6 as project 141, 209 self-regulation of 140–1 sexualization of 13, 15–6 site of power struggle 207 two bodies concept 207 as vehicle of self-expression 141 See also carnal life body image anxiety about 121, 129–30, 146, 208 growing concern about 107, 109–10, 125–6, 146, 208 media influence 126–30 body politics control over female bodies 72, 191 Bordo, Susan 173 Botox 60, 110, 112 Bourdieu, Pierre 80 See also capital bourgeois vanity, beauty as 38–40 breast augmentation surgery 4 in 1930s 30–2, 35 breast wrapping 31 Brothers Grimm fairytales gender portrayals 177 Brown, Dr. 28 Brownell, Susan 10, 12, 37–9, 62 Cai Fuchao 162 Cai He 89 Cai, Ms. 179 calendar posters 33–4 capital 80 erotic 81–2 physical 80 sexual 80–1 See also beauty capital Index 245 capitalism, impact on beauty ideal 9, 167 Cardin, Pierre 43 carnal life 15 Caucasian features 187 See also beauty ideal; Westernization of Chinese women Chan, Dr. Henry 56 characteristics theory 148 Chen Ci 157 Chen Hong Ping 92 Chen Huanran 61 Chen Jing 79–80, 167 Chen Ling 70–1 Chen Wen 152 Chen Yu 153 Chen, Tina Mai 38 Cheng Xiusheng 151 chin augmentation 2 China Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Journal, The 41 China Beauty and Fashion Daily 152 China Beauty and Fashion News 180 China Central Television (CCTV) 20, 57 China International Beauty Week 151–2 China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation 26 China National Consumers’ Association 47 Chinese Aesthetic Medical Journal, The 41 Chinese Communist Party cat theory 148 characteristics theory 148 legitimacy 148–50 pragmatic ideology 147–53, 163 rhetoric of transition 148 socialism with Chinese characteristics 148 soft power 159–60 Chinese Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology Journal, The 41 Chinese Medical Association 64 Chinese Plastic Surgery Journal 41...