Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas

Notes

Notes Chapter 1: Introduction 1. See Van Dyke 2005, 124–5, 132, 141. 2. Among the important exceptions, of course, are the seminal sea-centered studies on Southeast Asia by Jacob van Leur and Georges Coedès, which are discussed in Sutherland 2003. 3. Bentley 1999, 217. 4. Wigen 2007, 15. 5. See Tagliacozzo 2005, and Reid 1996. 6. Matsuda 2006, 769. 7. Braudel 1972; also see Sutherland 2003. 8. Antony 2003, 139–40, and Shapinsky in this volume. 9. See, in particular, the chapters by Igawa, Ota, and Tagliacozzo. 10. Blussé 1999, 112. 11. See Reid 1997, Blussé 1999, Tagliacozzo 2005, and Chin, Igawa, Antony, and Ota in this volume. 12. See Chin and Calanca in this volume. 13. See Ng Wai-ming 2004, and the chapters by Shapinsky, Petrucci, and Igawa. 14. Blussé 1999, 116. 15. See, for example, Warren 1981 and 2003. 16. Reid 1997, 71. 17. Zheng Guangnan 1999, 3–7, and Matsuura 2003, 75; for a broader, cross-cultural perspective on piracy see Risso 2001. 18. See, in particular, the discussions in the chapters by Reid and Shapinsky. 19. Gould 2007, 105–6. 20. See Shapinsky’s chapter. 21. Antony 2007, 44–45, and Reid’s chapter. 22. Chouhai tubian (1562), cited in Elisonas 1991, 259. 23. Hellyer 2005, and his chapter in this book. 24. See, for example, the chapters by Reid and Ota in this volume. 25. Warren 1981 and 2002. 26. Besides Calanca, also see Antony in this book. 156 Notes to pp. 9–23 27. Van Dyke 2005, 120–37, and Tagliacozzo in this volume. 28. Leirissa 1994, 112. 29. In particular, see Shapinsky, Chin, Petrucci, and Antony in this volume. 30. See Ota’s chapter. 31. See Ng Chin-keong 1983. 32. See Shapinsky’s chapter. Chapter 2: Violence at Sea 1. See Map 1.1 (p. 4) for the places discussed in this chapter. 2. Brunsson (1989) developed this concept, and Krasner (2001) applied it to the East Asian “system”. 3. The so-called “Chinese world order” of tribute has an extensive literature, most recently discussed in Reid and Zheng 2009. 4. Cited in Warren 2003, 24. 5. See Henty 1905, Dalton 1972, and the 1935 Hollywood classic, The China Seas, which features “Malay Pirates” as a rich stereotype. 6. As made clear below, the wokou or wakō in reality comprised people who would today be considered Chinese, Japanese, Southeast Asians, as well as even Europeans and Africans. 7. I thank Fang Xiaoping for looking through relevant Chinese sources for me and for making a certain sense of the usage of these terms. 8. After 1684, the Qing government gradually abandoned this policy and licensed Chinese shippers, though retaining great caution about foreign ships. See Calanca’s chapter in this book; also see Ng Chin-Keong 1983. 9. Chouhai tubian (1562), cited in Wang Tai Peng 1994, 39n. 10. Iioka Naoko, forthcoming. 11. Ma Huan as translated by Mills 1970, 10–11. 12. Kobata and Matsuda 1969, 179–80, and Chin, forthcoming. 13. Cited in So 1975, 26. 14. See, for example, the discussion by Calanca in this book. 15. Dian Murray 1987, and Antony 2003. 16. Van Vliet 1910, 93, describing trade missions from Siam in the seventeenth century. Houtman 1970, 14–32, narrated in more colorful and multilingual detail the way Asian trading ships were received in Aceh when they brought letters from their king. 17. Crawfurd 1856, 353. 18. Wilkinson 1959, 2:980. 19. Cited (without attribution) in Andaya and Andaya 1982, 130. 20. Trocki 1979, 56. 21. Starkey 2007, 3:381–84. 22. Reid 1969, 11. 23. See also the chapters by Ota and Tagliacozzo in this volume. 24. See Bassett 1980, 19–32. 25. Cited in D.G.E. Hall 1968, 528. 26. “The Battle of Qualah Battoo,” broadsheet published in Portland, Maine, on the return of the Potomac from her punitive mission in 1832, reproduced in Putnam 1924, 93. 27. Andaya and Andaya 1982, 131. 157 Notes to pp. 23–31 28. Trocki 1979, 205–6. 29. Warren 1981, 285–87. 30. Majul 1973, 283–316. 31. Reid 1969, 87–88. 32. Twang 1998. 33. The issue of smuggling is taken up in Tagliacozzo’s chapter in this volume. 34. Warren 2003, and Xu 2008. Chapter 3: From Sea Bandits to Sea Lords 1. The author is grateful for helpful comments from David Bertaina and Erik Freas at the University of...