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38 The Tz'u as a Poetic Form that e1ite group which was familiar with the allusions used, the picture would not come clear to him. This is, of course, one of the reasons why tz'u are so di伍cult to translate into any kind of poetic English. Faithfulness to the original Chinese results in a series of seemingly disjointed phrases, but filling in the missing links with the required prepositions, conjunctions, and connecting phrases so common in English, destroys the original flavour of the poem. The translations which appear in the comments are by design as literal as possible. Anthologies in Chinese and in Western translations Many editors did not consider tz'u a serious part of a man's 1iterary and scholar1y work and so tz'u were sometimes omitted from his collected works and had to be printed separately. This meant that a great number of poems were lost or were mixed with the tz切 of another poet. Anthologies such as the Five Dynasties Hua-chien chi and those of the Southern Sung are invaluable, therefore, as the only places in which many tz'u have been preserved, and the Ch'ing dynasty and modern anthologists have relied heavily on these ear1ier works in making their compilations. Valuable also are the collections of tz'u of individual poets. Wang Kuo-wei, for example, reconstructed the volumes of tz'u of twenty-one poets of the T'ang and Five Dynasties period under the tit1e T'ang Wu-tai erh-shih-yi chia tz'u chi. 1n some cases he was actually able to supply the original tit1e of a man's collected tz切， in others he simply made up a tit1e such as ‘Tz'u of Minister of War Ku'. Wang's contemporary, Chu Tsu-mou (1857-1931), undertook a much more ambitious project in bringing together 180 individual volumes of tz'u from the T'ang to the Yüan dynasties with one l\1ing dynasty work included too. This was published in 1922 under the tit1e Ch'iang-ts'un ts'ung-shu (Ch'iang-ts'un's collectanea). There are, of course, many more collections and anthologies available to the person interested in tz'u, but in this translation of the Jen-chien tz'u-hua, aside from those works mentioned above, reliance has been placed primarily on the Sung liu-shih ming-chia tz'u (Tz'u of sixty eminent poets of the Sung), edited by Mao Chin (1598-1659) in the SPPY edition for the Sung dynasty, and for the Ch'ing on the ten-volume Ch~的'g ming-chia tz'u (Tz'u of eminent poets of the Ch'ing). 1n spite of the tremendous number of tz'u that have been written in Chinese in the past 1,000 years ve可 few have become available to Westerners through translation. Most anthologies of Chinese poetry translated into French,German,or English have slighted tz'u complete1y Anthologies in Chinese and Western Translations 39 or have inc1uded only a very few examples of this poetic form. Until recent1y the only well-known anthology of tz'u in English was Clara Candlin's The herald wind, published in 1933. Some translations are to be found scattered through journals over the years but these are not easily accessible to the average reader. It is only in the last fifteen years that any noticeable activity has taken place in this field. Paul Demiévi1le's Anthologie de la po白ie chinoise classique (1962) contains quite a few translations of tz'u into French. In English, the Anthology 01 Chinese literature edited by Cyril Birch (1965) and The Penguin book 01 Chinese verse edited by A. R. Davis (1962) contain a fair number of tz'u, while A collection 01 Chinese lyrics by Alan Ayling and Duncan Mackintosh (1965) and A lurther collection 01Chinese lyrics (1970) are devoted solely to tz'u. The latter are particularly noteworthy in that the Chinese text accompanies each translation. More recent1y the mammoth anthology Sunfiower splendor, edited by Liu Wu-chi and Irving Lo (1975),includes a large number of tz祉， not only from the Sung dynasty but from later periods as well. And finally, mention should be made of James Liu's study of several Northern Sung poets,which includes many translations, Major 1;枕ists 01 the N orthern Sung (1974). ...

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