Tropical Asian Streams: Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation

Contents

Conten:ts Preface xu 1 Introduction 1 2 Scope 7 3 Ecological Overview 13 • Geomorphic Setting 13 Southeast Asia 13 The Indian Subcontinent 15 China 17 The East Indies 20 • Climate 20 • Discharge Regime 24 • Hydrochemistry 31 Composition 31 Spatial and temporal variation 36 v Conten :ts Preface 1 Introduction 2 Scope 3 Ecological Overview • Geomorphic Setting Southeast Asia The Indian Subcontinent China The East Indies • Climate • Discharge Regime • Hydrochemistry Composition Spatial and temporal variation v xu 1 7 13 13 13 15 17 20 20 24 31 31 36 Conten:ts Preface 1 Introduction 2 Scope 3 Ecological Overview • Geomorphic Setting Southeast Asia The Indian Subcontinent China The East Indies • Climate • Discharge Regime • Hydrochemistry Composition Spatial and temporal variation v xu 1 7 13 13 13 15 17 20 20 24 31 31 36 Conten:ts Preface 1 Introduction 2 Scope 3 Ecological Overview • Geomorphic Setting Southeast Asia The Indian Subcontinent China The East Indies • Climate • Discharge Regime • Hydrochemistry Composition Spatial and temporal variation v xu 1 7 13 13 13 15 17 20 20 24 31 31 36 Contents • Transported Inorganic Load 39 • Transported Organic Load 42 • Benthic Organic Matter 46 Inputs and standing stocks 46 Decomposition and heterotrophy 48 • Primary Production 50 Phytoplankton 50 Periphyton 51 Macrophytes 53 • Zooplankton 54 • Zoobenthos 55 Composition in large rivers 55 Composition and distinctive elements in small rivers 57 Longitudinal zonation and microdistribution 59 Functional organization and the River Continuum Concept 63 Seasonality 70 Life-hIstory patterns and production 72 • Fish 75 Composition 75 Breeding 79 Feeding 82 • Floodplain Ecology 86 Biota and productivity 86 River-floodplain interactions 90 4 The Zoobenthos: A Systematic Review • Key to Macroinvertebrate Groups • Lower Invertebrates Porifera Cnidaria Turbellaria Nemertea Nematoda Nematomorpha Ectoprocta (Polyzoa) Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Branchiobdellida VI 93 93 99 99 100 102 105 105 106 107 111 112 118 127 Contents • Transported Inorganic Load 39 • Transported Organic Load 42 • Benthic Organic Matter 46 Inputs and standing stocks 46 Decomposition and heterotrophy 48 • Primary Production 50 Phytoplankton 50 Periphyton 51 Macrophytes 53 • Zooplankton 54 • Zoobenthos 55 Composition in large rivers 55 Composition and distinctive elements in small rivers 57 Longitudinal zonation and microdistribution 59 Functional organization and the River Continuum Concept 63 Seasonality 70 Life-hIstory patterns and production 72 • Fish 75 Composition 75 Breeding 79 Feeding 82 • Floodplain Ecology 86 Biota and productivity 86 River-floodplain interactions 90 4 The Zoobenthos: A Systematic Review • Key to Macroinvertebrate Groups • Lower Invertebrates Porifera Cnidaria Turbellaria Nemertea Nematoda Nematomorpha Ectoprocta (Polyzoa) Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Branchiobdellida VI 93 93 99 99 100 102 105 105 106 107 111 112 118 127 Contents • Transported Inorganic Load 39 • Transported Organic Load 42 • Benthic Organic Matter 46 Inputs and standing stocks 46 Decomposition and heterotrophy 48 • Primary Production 50 Phytoplankton 50 Periphyton 51 Macrophytes 53 • Zooplankton 54 • Zoobenthos 55 Composition in large rivers 55 Composition and distinctive elements in small rivers 57 Longitudinal zonation and microdistribution 59 Functional organization and the River Continuum Concept 63 Seasonality 70 Life-hIstory patterns and production 72 • Fish 75 Composition 75 Breeding 79 Feeding 82 • Floodplain Ecology 86 Biota and productivity 86 River-floodplain interactions 90 4 The Zoobenthos: A Systematic Review • Key to Macroinvertebrate Groups • Lower Invertebrates Porifera Cnidaria Turbellaria Nemertea Nematoda Nematomorpha Ectoprocta (Polyzoa) Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Branchiobdellida VI 93 93 99 99 100 102 105 105 106 107 111 112 118 127 Contents • Transported Inorganic Load 39 • Transported Organic Load 42 • Benthic Organic Matter 46 Inputs and standing stocks 46 Decomposition and heterotrophy 48 • Primary Production 50 Phytoplankton 50 Periphyton 51 Macrophytes 53 • Zooplankton 54 • Zoobenthos 55 Composition in large rivers 55 Composition and distinctive elements in small rivers 57 Longitudinal zonation and microdistribution 59 Functional organization and the River Continuum Concept 63 Seasonality 70 Life-hIstory patterns and production 72 • Fish 75 Composition 75 Breeding 79 Feeding 82 • Floodplain Ecology 86 Biota and productivity 86 River-floodplain interactions 90 4 The Zoobenthos: A Systematic Review • Key to Macroinvertebrate Groups • Lower Invertebrates Porifera Cnidaria Turbellaria Nemertea Nematoda Nematomorpha Ectoprocta (Polyzoa) Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Branchiobdellida VI 93 93 99 99 100 102 105 105 106 107 111 112 118 127 Contents • Mollusca Prosobranchia Pulmonata Bivalvia • Crustacea Decapoda: Caridea Decapoda: Brachyura Other Malacostraca • Chelicerata Hydrachnida • Introduction to the Aquatic Insects • Ephemeroptera Baetidae oligoneuriidae Heptageniidae Leptophlebiidae Ephemerellidae Caenidae Ephemeridae Polymitarcyidae Potamanthidae • Odonata Zygoptera Anisoptera • Plecoptera Perlidae Peltoperlidae and Styloperlidae Nemouridae Leuctridae and other Plecoptera • Heteroptera Nepomorpha Gerromorpha • Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Hydrobiosidae Glossosomatidae Hydroptilidae...