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5. Picture-Word Interference Effects on Naming in Chinese
- Hong Kong University Press, HKU
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5 Picture-WordInterferenceEffect s onNaminginChinese BrendanWeekes,Robert DaviesandMayJane Chen The presenc e o f a semantic relationshi p betwee n th e nam e o f a targe t picture an d a distractor word (e.g. , CAT-dog) hampers picture naming i n a picture-wor d interferenc e task , wherea s a graphemic-phonologica l relationship betwee n a distractor wor d an d th e name o f a target pictur e (e.g., CAT-cap) facilitate s wor d naming . On e issu e to emerg e fro m thi s research i s th e relativ e contributio n o f graphemi c an d phonologica l information t o the facilitation effect . I n alphabetic languages, orthograph y and phonology are unavoidably confounded, makin g it difficult t o establish the loc i of graphemic an d phonologica l facilitatio n effects . However , i n non-alphabetic language s suc h a s Chines e i t i s possibl e t o examin e independently th e relative contributio n o f graphemi c an d phonologica l information t o th e facilitatio n effect . W e repor t tw o experiment s investigating semanti c interferenc e effect s an d graphemic-phonologica l facilitation effect s o n pictur e namin g i n Chinese . Result s sho w thre e independent effect s o n pictur e namin g latency : a semantic interferenc e effect tha t is due to shared category membership between the target picture and a distractor word; a graphemic facilitation effec t tha t is due to share d orthography betwee n targe t an d distracto r words ; and a phonologica l facilitation effec t tha t is due to homophony betwee n target and distracto r names. We argue tha t semanti c interferenc e an d graphemi c facilitatio n effects ca n b e accounte d fo r b y activatio n a t th e lemm a leve l wherea s phonological facilitation result s from activation at the name retrieval stage. 102 BRENDA N WEEKES, ROBER T DAVIE S AN D MA Y JAN E CHE N C? Picture-Wor d Interferenc e Paradig m The picture-word interferenc e tas k require s participant s t o nam e a targe t picture while ignoring an accompanying word distractor . Rathe r a s in the Stroop tas k (Stroop , 1935 ; MacLeod, 1991) , the presentatio n o f a dua l stimulus (Kantowitz , 1974 ) allow s the experimenter t o examine the effec t of context (th e distractor stimulus) on the processes supporting productio n of a response t o th e targe t stimulus . The picture-wor d metho d ha s grea t utility becaus e the relation betwee n targe t an d distracto r ca n fruitfully b e manipulated i n variou s ways . Differen t interferenc e effects , elicite d b y distractor stimuli , have bee n accounte d a s indicative o f differen t aspect s of the information retrieve d preparatory to speech. Two interference effect s of particula r interes t hav e bee n observe d ove r a wide rang e o f differen t experimental studies : a semantic inhibition effec t an d a graphemicphonological facilitation effect . I n thi s study , w e wil l examin e whethe r these effect s occu r i n picture namin g i n Chinese . Picture-word interferenc e effect s ar e most ofte n reporte d i n terms o f the differenc e betwee n th e namin g latenc y o r accurac y o f participants ' performance unde r relate d o r unrelated lexica l distracto r condition s (e.g . Schriefers, Meye r & Levelt , 1990) . Th e semanti c inhibitio n effec t i s characterized b y the finding tha t th e naming latenc y to the target pictur e is slower whe n th e targe t ha s bee n presented wit h a semantically relate d distractor i n comparison t o when i t has been presented wit h a n unrelate d distractor (Glase r & Dungelhoff , 1984 ; Klein , 1964 ; Rosinski , 1977 ; Rosinski, Golinkoff , & Kukish , 1975 ; L a Heij , 1988 ; Lupker , 1979 ; Schriefers e t al., 1990; Starreveld & L a Heij, 1995 , 1996a).1 For example , initiating...