Costs and Benefits of Cross-Country Labour Migration in the GMS

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 GMS-5 Core-Periphery Migration 10 Figure 1.2 International Migrant Stock by World’s Regions 12 Figure 1.3 International Migrant Stock in the GMS by Country 15 Figure 1.4 Registered GMS-3 Migrant Workers in Thailand by Country of Origin, 2007 17 Figure 1.5 Sectoral Distribution of GMS-3 Migrant Workers in Thailand, 2007 18 Figure 1.6 Formal GMS Migrant Workers in Key Non-GMS Countries, 2002–07 19 Figure 1.7 Human Development Index 2007 Scores of Selected Countries 23 Figure 1.8 Demographic Trends in GMS Countries 30 Figure 1.9 Remittance Inflows to Developing Countries 37 Figure 1.10 Remittance Inflows to GMS Countries 38 Figure 1.11 Remittance Channels Used by Lao and Cambodian Migrant Workers in Thailand 38 Figure 1.12 Capital Inflows to GMS Countries, 2007 40 Figure 1.13 Remittance Use by Lao Migrant Households in the Past Five Years 43 Figure 1.14 Remittance Use by Cambodian Migrant Households in the Past Five Years 43 Figure 1.15 Average Monthly Earnings of Sample Irregular Cambodian and Lao Migrant Workers in Thailand 47 Figure 1.16 Remittances as Percentage of Personal Consumption Before and After Crisis 52 00 Costs_Benefits.indd 13 6/21/12 10:56:11 AM xiv List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes Figure 1.17 Sources of Financing for Migration, Percentage of Cambodian Migrant Workers 52 Figure 1.18 Average Annual Income and Expenditure of Cambodian Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Thailand 55 Figure 1.19 Average Variable Costs Incurred by Lao and Cambodian Migrant Workers in Thailand 69 Figure 1.20 Average Variable Costs Incurred by Lao Migrant Workers in Thailand in Two Years 70 Figure 1.21 Migrant Workers in Thailand on Nationality Verification 80 Table 1.1 Employment Trends in the GMS Countries 25 Table 1.2 Remittance Behaviour of Sample Lao and Cambodian Migrant Workers in Thailand 49 Table 1.3 Skilled Emigration Rates by Income Group 57 Table 1.4 Average Fixed Costs Incurred by Sample Lao and Cambodian Migrant Workers in Thailand 67 Table 1.5 Average Net Economic Benefit (Thailand Survey) 72 Table 1.6 Average Net Economic Benefit (Lao PDR and Cambodia Surveys) 73 Box 1.1 Coming from Isolation: Brief Backgrounds of Cambodian, Lao, and Vietnamese Emigration 14 Box 1.2 Motivations for and Determinants of Remittance 51 Box 1.3 Brain Drain or Brains in the Drain? The Dilemma in Brain Migration 57 Box 1.4 Net Economic Returns of Migration to Thailand at Micro Level 71 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Number and Proportion of Official Cambodian Migrant Workers by Destination Country (as of January 2008) 124 Figure 2.2 Cambodian Institutions Engaged in International Labour Migration Management 127 Figure 2.3 Recruitment Flowchart 129 00 Costs_Benefits.indd 14 6/21/12 10:56:11 AM List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes xv Figure 2.4 Locations of the Six Study Communities 132 Figure 2.5 Percentage of Sample Households with Sufficient or Surplus Rice Output 137 Figure 2.6 Economic Status of Sample Migrant Households Based on Self-Perception 169 Figure 2.7 Change in Economic Status of Sample Migrant Households Based on Self-Perception, 2002 versus 2007 170 Table 2.1 Population and GDP of Selected Countries, 2005 121 Table 2.2 Number of Cambodian Migrant Workers Sent Officially by Destination Country and Gender 123 Table 2.3 Workers’ Remittances and Compensation Received by Employees 125 Table 2.4 Key Characteristics of Study Communities 131 Table 2.5 Number of Households in Study Villages and Survey Sample 133 Table 2.6 Gender Distribution of Sample Migrant Workers 136 Table 2.7 Destinations of Sample Migrant Workers in Their Most Recent Trip 138 Table 2.8 Occupation of Sample Migrant Workers on Their Most Recent Trip 140 Table 2.9 Average Earnings of Sample Migrant Workers on Their Most Recent Trip to Thailand 142 Table 2.10 Average Fixed Costs Incurred by Sample Irregular Migrant Workers 144 Table 2.11 Sources of Financing Migration, Percentage of Sample Migrants 145 Table 2.12 Net Benefits of Emigration to Thailand 147 Table 2.13 Cost of Sending Cambodian Workers to South Korea by Expenditure Item 149 Table 2.14 Remitting and Non-remitting Migrants in the Past One Year 151 Table 2.15 Average Remittances Sent Each Time and in the...