The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in a Central Javanese Town, c.1910s-2010 (Second Enlarged Edition)

Table of Contents

ConTEnTS List of Figures and Maps xi List of Tables xvii List of Boxes xix Foreword to the Second Edition by Professor Merle C. Ricklefs xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv Foreword to the First Edition by Professor H.A. Mukti Ali xxxiii Preface to the First Edition xxxix Notes xlv PART I: DEVELoPMEnT oF THE MUHAMMADIYAH In KoTAGEDE, c.1910s–1972 1 1. Introduction: The Islamization of Java 3 The Muhammadiyah in the Islamization of Java 3 Approaches and Sources of Study 9 The Paradoxes of the Muhammadiyah in Kotagede 13 Abangan, Santri, Priyayi: The Problem of Conceptualization 16 2. Kotagede under the Banyan Tree: Traditional Society and Religion 18 Royal Cemetery and Market 18 Traditional Administration in Kotagede 26 Traditional Economy in Kotagede 40 The Impact of Administrative Reforms on Kotagede 46 3. The Beginning of the Muhammadiyah: Court Religious officials and the Urban Middle Class 51 Abdi Dalem Santri in Kauman, Yogyakarta 51 The Growth of the Middle Class in Kotagede 57 The Beginning of the Muhammadiyah in Kotagede 62 Confrontation with the PKI (1924) 71 vii 4. The Development of the Muhammadiyah: Religion and Social Action 78 Muhammadiyah Founders in Kotagede 79 Schools and Clinics: The Social Activism of the Muhammadiyah 93 “Silver Period” and “Silver Mosque” 103 5. The Sociology of Ummat Islam: Structure and Anti-Structure 119 The Post-War Political Development 120 The Post-War Economic Impoverishment 125 Who are the Muhammadiyah Members? 134 Geographic Distribution 135 Age and Sex 136 Education 137 Year of Muhammadiyah Affiliation 139 Occupational Composition 139 Hard Work, Simple Life, and Children’s Education 143 Rezeki: “Luck” or “Livelihood”? 151 Ummat Islam 154 6. The Ideology of the Muhammadiyah: Tradition and Transformation 165 Religious Communications among Javanese Muslims 165 Gadho-Gadho vs. True Muslims 168 Javanese Speech Levels 180 Lahir vs. Batin 183 Kasar vs. Alus 186 Hawa Nafsu vs. Ikhlas 191 Ikhlas vs. Pamri 198 7. Conclusion: Re-Islamization of Java 208 Postscript to Part I 212 PART II: KoTAGEDE REVISITED, 1972–2010 215 “Coming Home” by Nur Atika 216 Introduction to Part II 219 8. Social Changes in Kotagede, 1972–2010 221 Administrative Re-designation 221 viii Contents Contents ix Urbanization 224 Growing Diversity in Ethnicity and Religion 234 Diversity in Political Choice 237 Globalization 245 9. The Achievements of the Muhammadiyah 253 Background: A Black Hole in History 253 Religious Propagation (Dakwah) 254 The Muhammadiyah Schools 263 Iqro’ and Qur’anic Kindergarten 271 PKU vs. PUSKESMAS: Competition and Complement in Health Care 277 Wakaf: The Foundation for the Muhammadiyah’s Institutional Strength 278 10. Internal Dynamics of the Muhammadiyah Movement 283 Three Generations of Leadership 283 The Second Generation of the Muhammadiyah Leadership 284 Pak Bashori: A Typical Second Generation Leader 285 An Opposition Nipped in the Bud 286 Ibu Umanah and Ibu Mardi: Typical ‘Aisyiyah Leaders 287 Criticism against Complacency and Stagnation 290 Leadership Change 296 Social Dimensions of the New Leadership 302 The General Membership of Muhammadiyah 303 Reforming Reformists: Life History of Bachrun Nawawi 304 Kaharuddin Noor: A Younger Leader 306 Facing Common Societal Problems 307 Prospects for New Leadership 308 11. Challenges Facing the Muhammadiyah 311 The Challenge of Pluralism and Democracy 311 The Problem of Poverty 315 Overcoming the “Culture of Poverty” 324 Overcoming the “Poverty of Culture” 331 12. Festival Kotagede: Conflict and Integration 341 The Beginning: Success of Festival Kotagede 99 341 FK 2000: Democracy, Schism and Harmony 346 FK 2002: Divided Again 350 Implications of “Kotagede Ewuh” 351 13. The May 2006 Earthquake and Reconstruction of Kotagede 355 14. Concluding Remarks: Future of the Muhammadiyah 361 Background for the Success of the Muhammadiyah 361 The Muhammadiyah and the Soeharto Government 362 Stagnation of the Muhammadiyah Leadership 364 Criticism from the Younger Generation 364 Reformasi, Politics, and the Muhammadiyah 365 Festival Kotagede: Jubilation and Frustration 367 The Challenge of the “Common Good” 368 Love for Kotagede 369 Concern for the Poor 370 The Future of the Muhammadiyah 371 Postscript to Part II 372 Bibliography 381 Glossary 397 Appendices 403 Index 407 About the Author 429 x Contents ...