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xlv A noTE on PRoPER nAMES Place names in this book are all real: the uniqueness of the research site has precluded the use of fictitious geographic names. Personal names in the original edition of this book were sometimes real but sometimes were pseudonyms since there was a necessity to protect their privacy under the New Order. However, those individuals quoted in pseudonyms previously are now almost all reverted into, or referred to, their real ones throughout in this edition. A noTE on THE SPELLInG oF JAVAnESE AnD InDonESIAn woRDS In the spelling of Javanese and Indonesian words including derivatives from Arabic, I have followed the local practices which are generally in compliance with the government guidelines of 1972 and 1974. Consonants in Javanese and Indonesian are pronounced mostly in similar ways as in English except c to be pronounced as ch in chair and sy as sh in ship. Javanese retroflexes, dh and th are so spelled in this book in contrast to d and t, with the exception of place names including Kotagede. The name of the town in which this study has been done should be written and pronounced as Kutha Gĕdhé if the linguistically correct orthography is to be followed. However, the spelling of Kotagede has become official and so prevalent among Indonesian public nowadays so that it seems unnecessary to resort to the “correct” one. Vowels in Javanese and Indonesian are also pronounced almost the same way as in English except e and a. The e can be ĕ, è, or é. I have ignored those differences except for some direct quotes in Javanese expression. The a in the Javanese penultimate and final syllables without consonants is pronounced as o as in often in English. So, the same Javanese word (or the word of Javanese origin) may be spelled differently according to contexts, e.g., Panembahan Senapati vs. Pasukan Senopati, and pendhapa vs. pendopo. A noTE on THE QUoTATIon FRoM THE QUR’An The numbering of the Qur’anic verses in this book follows the Egyptian edition. The first number indicates the number of a chapter and the second, that of a verse. I have relied mostly on Arberry (1955) in the English rendering of the Qur’anic verses. ...

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