The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree

1. Introduction: The Islamization of Java

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pp. 3-17

This is a study of ongoing Islamization in urban south Central Java focused on the case of a local branch of the Muhammadiyah movement in the town of Kotagede, . . .

2. Kotagede under the Banyan Tree: Traditional Society and Religion

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pp. 18-50

The town of Kotagede was founded in the middle of the sixteenth century by Pamanahan Ki Gede Mataram, a captain of the king of Pajang, the first Islamized kingdom in south Central Java.¹ Raffles narrates the beginning of . . .

3. The Beginning of the Muhammadiyah: Court Religious Officials and the Urban Middle Class

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pp. 51-77

Serious cleavages were developing not only among the local religious officials in Kotagede but also in the court of the Yogyakarta Sultanate itself around the turn of the century. Some of the religious officials of the court, . . .

4. The Development of the Muhammadiyah: Religion and Social Action

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pp. 78-118

One of the ways of understanding the process of the Muhammadiyah development in Kotagede seems to be to take a look at the life histories of its founding leaders. For, in the life histories of those individuals, the . . .

5. The Sociology of Ummat Islam: Structure and Anti-structure

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pp. 119-164

The Muhammadiyah movement was characterized by its non-political stance from the outset as we have seen above (Chapter 3, p. 73). Besides the factor of circumspect avoidance of government repressions . . .

6. The Ideology of the Muhammadiyah: Tradition and Transformation

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pp. 165-207

In the preceding chapters I have attempted to make two major points. The first, a historical point, has been that the Muhammadiyah movement must be regarded as a development from within Javanese society rather than as a . . .

7. Conclusion: Re-Islamization of Java

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pp. 208-211

The thesis that has been developed in the foregoing chapters is that orthodox Islam in the form of a reformist movement, Muhammadiyah, has arisen from within the traditional Javanese Islam as its internal transformation rather . . .

Postscript to Part I

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pp. 212-213

8. Social Changes in Kotagede, 1972–2010

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pp. 221-252

It must be mentioned in advance when dealing with social changes in Kotagede that the town has undergone administrative re-designation since the original study for this book was conducted in 1970–72. The “Kemantren (Ward) . . .

9. The Achievements of the Muhammadiyah

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pp. 253-282

Before reviewing the achievements of the Muhammadiyah in Kotagede, it seems necessary to make a sober reminder for ourselves about one of the starting points of the period which we are looking at. I have already mentioned the . . .

10. Internal Dynamics of the Muhammadiyah Movement

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pp. 283-310

Over the period of forty years (1970–2010) that I have observed on the Muhammadiyah movement in Kotagede, I have witnessed three generations of leadership emerge. The first generation was that of Haji Masjhudi . . .

11. Challenges Facing the Muhammadiyah

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pp. 311-340

Nationally, since the official acceptance of Pancasila as the basic framework of the state in the 1985 national congress, the Muhammadiyah has made it clear that it would not seek to establish an Islamic state but to endeavour to realize . . .

12. Festival Kotagede: Conflict and Integration

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pp. 341-354

Efforts for the revitalization of local culture and arts have been realized in a series of community events called the Festival Kotagede (FK) held in 1999, 2000, and 2002. Those events have reflected internal dynamics within the . . .

13. The May 2006 Earthquake and Reconstruction of Kotagede

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pp. 355-360

At 5.55 a.m. on 27 May 2006, an earthquake of 5.9 Richter scale hit the Special Region of Yogyakarta and the Province of Central Java. All the four kelurahans of the Kotagede area were affected. Destruction of buildings and . . .

14. Concluding Remarks: Future of the Muhammadiyah

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pp. 361-371

The success of the Muhammadiyah in propagation and institution-building occurred mostly during the 1970s and 1980s. One of the objective conditions for this was the drastic change in national political situation after the G30S/PKI . . .

Postscript to Part II

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pp. 372-380