Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) and Regional Integration

Notes

102 ANZCERTA and Regional Integration harmonize or reach agreement on some important areas of policy and law. 10. Even in a well established integration process, external shocks can create new challenges in apparently settled areas of policy. Notes 1 Officially known as the Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Australia and Japan. 2 Holmes et al. (1986) set out a number of the issues that emerged in the early years of ANZCERTA. See also Scollay (1996). 3 This assessment is based in part on personal communication with officials involved in the 1988 Review. 4 Department of Treasury, Government of Australia; Invest Australia; Overseas Investment Office — New Zealand (2008). 5 Bondietti (2008). 6 Koyama and Golub, OECD (2006). 7 The Treasury of Australia (2006). 8 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, Media Statement with NZ Prime Minister John Key 2nd March 2009. 9 Made under the AQA. 10 New Zealand Agriculture Ministry (2007). 11 World Trade Organization — Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS245 (2005) “Japan — Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples”, available at . 12 New Zealand Agriculture Ministry (2007). 13 WTO (2009). 14 World Trade Organization. “Australia — Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand, Dispute DS367, Current status”, 2010; available at . 01 ANZCERTA 11/22/10, 9:52 AM 102 ANZCERTA and Regional Integration 103 15 Council of Australian Governments (2009), available at . 16 New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade (2008) “The TransTasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (TTMRA)”, available at . 17 Mutual Recognition Act (Commonwealth) (1992). 18 Food Regulation Review Committee (1998) “Report of the Food Regulation Review”, available at . 19 Findlay and Round (2008). 20 Findlay and Round (2008). 21 Findlay and Round (2008). 22 Findlay and Round (2008). 23 Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Australian Government (2009). 24 Knibb (2008) “What Next for Qantas”, Flightglobal, available at . 25 Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (2008) “Qantas Malaysia Airlines “merger” talks look like the real thing”, available at . 26 Ionides (2009) “Australasian Airlines Confront Difficult Times”, available at . 27 Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (2009) “Qantas Group Launches Full Frontal Attack on New Zealand”, available at . 28 International Business Times. “Jetstar taxis to a head-on collision with Air NZ, adds more flights in New Zealand”, 2010; available at 01 ANZCERTA 11/22/10, 9:52 AM 103 104 ANZCERTA and Regional Integration . 29 Australian Government — Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2006) “Fact Sheet 17 — New Zealanders in Australia”, available at . 30 Australian Government — Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade (2008) “New Zealand Country Brief — November 2008”, available at . 31 New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade (2008) “CER: A Closer Economic Relationship”, available at . 32 WTO (2009). 33 Gretton and Gali (2005). 34 Australian Productivity Commission (2004) “Rules of Origin under the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement Commissioned Study”, available at 35 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) Policy Dialogue on Regional Trade Agreements (RTA), Free Trade Agreements (FTA), Khon Kaen, Thailand, 27 May 2003. 36 Australian Productivity Commission (2004). 37 Productivity Commission (2004). 38 Productivity Commission (2004). 39 Ultimate Customs Services Pty Ltd (2006) “New Rules of Origin ANZCERTA”, Newsletter December 2006, and, Australian Customs Service (2006) “New Rules of Origin — ANZCERTA”, Customs Notice No. 2006/64. 40 Consulate-General of New Zealand (2006) “Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement”, available at . 01 ANZCERTA 11/22/10, 9:52 AM 104 ANZCERTA and Regional Integration 105 41 Australian Customs Service, (2009). 42 Ultimate Customs Services (2006) “Newsletter 2006/6 — New Rules of Origin-ANZCERTA”, available at . 43 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2005) “ACCC Annual report 2004–2005”, available at . 44 ACCC & NZCC (2006) — “Cooperation Protocol for Merger Review”. 45 While barriers other than tariffs can be important, in the interest of simplicity the following discussion focuses on tariffs. 46 This term is used to distinguish it from what is sometimes called gross trade creation, which refers to the total increase in intra-FTA trade, and includes the component that consists of trade diversion. Net trade creation is that part of the increased intra-FTA trade that does not consist of trade diversion. 47 This point becomes important when considering how to interpret the results of gravity models that focus on the amounts of trade created and diverted without being able to take the price differences into account. 48 Note that this definition of gross trade creation in the Truman model differs slightly from the definition given earlier. 49...