The ASEAN Regional Forum

Table of Contents

v CONTENTS About the Author ix Preface xi 1 The Beginnings 1 The Post-ministerial Conferences 3 Changed Security Environment 5 Paternity 6 Preparatory Meetings 10 The First ARF Ministerial Meeting 14 Shaping the ARF’s Nature 16 Conclusion 18 2 Why Join the ARF? 21 Criteria for Participation 23 North Korea 25 Pakistan and Timor-Leste 27 Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Others 28 Conclusion 29 3 Does the ARF Build Confidence? 32 Defining and Clarifying Positions 34 The ASEAN Role 40 Promoting Transparency, Networking and Cooperation 45 Conclusion 48 vi Contents 4 Diplomacy to Prevent What? 52 Conflicts Within States? 53 Non-traditional Security 56 From Confidence-Building to Preventive Diplomacy 64 Role of the Chair 65 Experts and Eminent Persons 68 Annual Security Outlook and Mutual Briefings 70 Conclusion 71 5 Cooperating on the Ground 78 Arms Control and Management 79 Military Cooperation 86 Civilian Use of Military Assets and Civil-Military Cooperation 88 Civilian Undertakings and Non-traditional Security 97 Security Perceptions 101 The ARF Process 102 Conclusion 104 6 Does the ARF Need Central Institutions? 112 The Chair and Its Friends 114 Experts and Eminent Persons 116 The ARF Unit, ARFNet and the ARF Fund 118 Cooperating with the UN 121 Subsidiary Bodies? 122 Conclusion 123 7 Assessing the ARF 126 Appendices Appendix A: The ASEAN Regional Forum: A Concept Paper 141 Appendix B: Chairman’s Statement: The Second Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum 146 Appendix C: Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia 151 Appendix D: Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone 161 vii Contents vii Appendix E: Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea 173 Appendix F: ARF Ministerial Meetings: 1994–2008 178 Index 179 ...