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CONTENTS Acknowledgements฀ ix Abbreviations฀ xi Introduction฀ 1 Civil฀Society,฀Democracy,฀and฀the฀Public฀Sphere(s)฀in฀Malaysia฀ 1 Islam,฀Civil฀Society,฀and฀Activism฀in฀Malaysia฀ 6 Overview฀ 7 1฀ On฀Islam,฀Democracy,฀and฀Activism฀ 11 ฀ Why฀Malaysia?฀ 11 ฀ Islamization฀and฀Democracy฀ 14 ฀ What฀is฀Fundamentalism?฀Who฀are฀the฀Fundamentalists?฀ 18 ฀ Islam฀and฀Repression฀ 19 ฀ Repression฀and฀Resistance฀ 24 ฀ Democracy฀and฀Activism฀ 25 ฀ The฀Role฀of฀the฀Vanguards฀ 29 2฀ A฀Short฀History฀of฀Malaysia฀ 36 ฀ The฀Pre-Colonial฀Period฀ 36 ฀ The฀British฀Colonial฀Period฀ 37 ฀ The฀Japanese฀Occupation฀ 38 ฀ 1957฀to฀1969฀ 40 ฀ The฀1969฀General฀Elections฀and฀the฀13฀May฀Riots฀ 40 ฀ The฀Introduction฀of฀the฀New฀Economic฀Policy฀ 42 ฀ Fears฀of฀Ethnic฀Violence฀and฀the฀Memory฀of฀1969฀ 43 ฀ From฀Anwar฀Ibrahim฀to฀the฀2008฀General฀Elections฀ 47 3฀ Malaysia฀as฀an฀Islamic฀State:฀The฀Debate฀ 51 ฀ The฀Perspective฀of฀UMNO฀ 52 ฀ Malik฀Imtiaz฀Sarwar฀on฀Malaysia฀as฀a฀Liberal฀ ฀ ฀ Constitutional฀State฀ 57 ฀ PAS’s฀Construal฀of฀Malaysia฀as฀an฀Islamic฀State฀ 59 ฀ Three฀Visions฀of฀Malaysia฀ 60 00 I&AM Prelims.indd 7 4/22/10 9:28:18 AM viii฀ Contents 4฀ Conflict฀of฀Jurisdiction:฀Civil฀versus฀Syariah฀Law฀ 62 ฀ The฀Case฀of฀Lina฀Joy฀ 63 ฀ Lina฀Joy’s฀Case฀in฀the฀High฀Court฀ 64 ฀ Lina฀Joy’s฀Case฀in฀the฀Court฀of฀Appeal:฀The฀Constitutional฀ ฀ ฀ Approach฀ 66 ฀ The฀Technical฀Approach฀ 67 ฀ The฀Reply฀ 68 ฀ Talking฀with฀Malik฀Imtiaz฀Sarwar฀and฀Haris฀bin฀ ฀ ฀ Mohamed฀Ibrahim฀ 69 ฀ The฀View฀of฀Salbiah฀Ahmad฀ 71 5฀ Islamist฀Lawyers’฀Views฀ 74 ฀ The฀Views฀of฀Mohamed฀Ariff฀Yusof฀and฀Haji฀Sulaiman฀ ฀ ฀ Abdullah฀ 74 ฀ Ahmad฀Mohamed฀Ibrahim฀ 78 ฀ Responding฀to฀Islamist฀Interpretations฀and฀Agendas฀ 81 6฀ Social฀Activism฀and฀the฀Article฀11฀Coalition฀ 83 ฀ Article฀11฀ 83 ฀ Article฀11฀Brought฀to฀a฀Halt฀ 91 ฀ Constituting฀the฀Public฀Sphere฀ 95 7฀ Questioning฀Orthodoxies,฀Criticizing฀Zealotry฀฀ 98 ฀ Going฀Beyond฀the฀Quran฀ 98 ฀ “Try฀Using฀that฀Approach฀in฀Advocacy!”฀ 99 ฀ The฀Interpretation฀of฀the฀Quran฀ 100 ฀ The฀Interpretation฀of฀the฀Hadith฀ 101 ฀ Islamic฀Fundamentals฀ 102 ฀ The฀JAWI฀Raid฀ 104 8฀ Electoral฀Engagements฀ 110 ฀ The฀First-Past-the-Post฀System฀ 111 ฀ Practical฀Impediments฀to฀Political฀Participation฀ 114 ฀ Women’s฀Candidacy฀Initiative฀ 124 ฀ Bersih฀and฀the฀Public฀Rallies฀of฀2007฀ 127 ฀ The฀End฀of฀Racial฀Politics?฀ 130 Conclusion:฀Islam,฀Democracy,฀and฀Activism฀in฀Malaysia฀ 132 Bibliography฀ 137 Index฀ 151 About฀the฀Author฀ 163 00 I&AM Prelims.indd 8 4/22/10 9:28:18 AM ...

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